Influence of salt concentration on solubility and tie-line data for the system: Formic acid + n-butanol + water

The tie-line and solubility data, i.e. formic acid (FA) + n-butanol + water + NaCl, were resolved at T = 298.15 K and under ambient pressure. The Othmer–Tobias equation was applied in this study. The experimental data were correlated and all linear correlation coefficients were found to be approximately equal to 1. Both the Universal Quasi-chemical Theory (UNIQUAC) and Nonrandom Two Liquid Theory (NRTL) and NRTL models were employed in order to compare the experimental liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) and tie-line data. Consequently, the calculated and experimental data proved to be a good fit. Results show that adding salt to the system proved beneficial by increasing the separation of FA from water.     

Consumer perception of salt-reduced potato chips: Sensory strategies,effect of labeling and individual health orientation

Lowering dietary intake of sodium is currently an important public health goal, and a major driver of food product development. Reducing the salt content of food while maintaining the same structure and sensory quality is, however, no easy feat. While several strategies for reformulation exist, the available literature indicates that their effectiveness is highly product-dependent. The present research focused on different salt reduction strategies for potato chips (crisps), drawing on two studies focusing on young (18–30) consumers.In Study 1 (N = 200), the effect of simple salt reduction and two salt replacers (KCl and MSG) on consumer perception was investigated, using a reference product as basis for systematic reformulation. Study 1 also addressed the issue of how information labeling affects consumer perception by comparing results in blind and informed conditions (N = 100 each). The results indicated that sodium can be reduced up to 30% while maintaining the same palatability, and that replacement (up to 30%) by either KCl and MSG even increased liking in the blind condition. A strong labelling effect was found, however, whereby consumers significantly preferred the reference product than any of the reformulation when informed of its content, whereas the opposite was observed (reference was least liked) when tested in blind.Study 2 (N = 100) extended the range of experimental conditions by focusing on how salt reduction is affected by texture and seasoning type. The main result of Study 1 – that sodium can be reduced up to 30% while maintaining the same palatability (in blind) – was confirmed across different seasoning types, thus enabling a more robust basis for generalization. Contrary to expectations, the presence of a wavy (vs. smooth) texture increased liking only for a single seasoning type, and the effect was not dependent on salt content.     

腐蚀环境下异质自冲铆接头静力学性能研究

为研究钢铝异质自冲铆接头在盐腐蚀和酸腐蚀中静力学性能的变化,对DP590-5052自冲铆试件进行干湿周浸加速腐蚀实验,通过腐蚀动力学和静力学测试分析不同腐蚀时间接头的失重量、失效模式和静失效载荷性能。结果表明,盐腐蚀环境中钢铝试件(YDA)组失重量呈现上升趋势,腐蚀速率则逐渐减小;酸腐蚀(SDA)组试件失重量先上升后下降,腐蚀速率也呈现出相同的趋势。酸腐蚀对接头失效模式影响更为显著。两种腐蚀对接头静强度均有影响,接头对盐性环境的抗腐蚀性能较小。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on growth and reactive oxygen metabolism of tomato fruits under low saline conditions

Land salinization is a major form of land degradation, which is not conducive to the growth and quality of fruits and vegetables. Plant salt tolerance can be enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This study examined the effects of inoculation with PGPR singly or in combination with AMF, on the growth and quality of tomato fruits under low saline conditions. Tomatoes were cultivated in a greenhouse with sterilized soil, inoculated with PGPR, AMF, or co-inoculated with PGPR and AMF, and NaCl solution (1%) was added to the soil. The results indicated that AMF + PGPR decreased the roots and shoot biomass accumulation, and increased the number and fresh biomass in tomato fruits to a certain extent compared with non-inoculated plants. PGPR and AMF mediated the level of reactive oxygen and lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of antioxidants, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, PGPR, AMF, and PGPR + AMF improved the overall osmotic adjustments and accumulation of soluble sugars and soluble proteins. Therefore, the AMF-Funneliformis mosseae and PGPR-Bacillus subtilis can potentially alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress and be applied as a biofertilizer in agricultural practice.     

Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel Exposed to a Simulated Salt Lake Atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere has been investigated by analyzing the evolution of surface morphologies and corrosion products, the initiation and development of pits, and the electrochemical characteristics. The results indicated that(Mg_6Fe_2(OH)_(16)(CO_3)(H_2O)_(4.5))_(0.25), a layered double hydroxide, has been detected for the first time in the corrosion products formed on stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere. The specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions were corroded more severely than those exposed to NaCl deposit conditions, which was attributed to the differences in the deliquescence relative humidity and efflorescence relative humidity values of MgCl_2 and NaCl. In addition, a special corrosion morphology consisting of a concentric circle of yellowish material was observed on the specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions, which was attributed to the formation of Mg(OH)_2, inhibiting the diffusion and migration of OH~- ions to the anode region. The maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to corrosion time. The corrosion mechanism of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere is also discussed.     

江汉盆地盐类矿产的富集规律及找矿方向浅析

江汉盆地白垩—第三系由两大沉积成盐旋回组成,主要含盐层位均位于沉积成盐旋回的中偏上部。控盆断裂的差异性活动,导致了盆地的沉积中心由西向东迁移。盆内断裂将盆地分割成若干个凹陷区和凸起区。根据凹陷特征和所处部位,将其分为三种类型(盆内深凹、盆内浅凹和盆边凹陷),不同类型的凹陷具有不同的成矿特点。盆内凹陷大多是受主干断裂控制的不对称凹陷,其矿物相带的分布也往往表现为靠近主干断裂一侧的偏心环状,这种沉积相模式对在凹陷的不同部位寻找不同的盐类矿产具有一定的指示意义。根据盐类聚集规律,江汉盆地的进一步找盐方向是:1.盆内深凹是找钾有利地段;2.盆内浅凹与盆内深凹过渡带是无水芒硝成矿有利区;3.盆内浅凹缓坡带及宽缓低凸起区是寻找自然硫的重要靶区。     

菱苦土稻草碎料纤维板的应用研究

从我国农业秸杆产量大，利用率低，木材供应紧张的现实出发，指出了研制稻草增强的轻质高强菱镁制品的意义。通过实验研究，探索了原材料配比对菱镁制品性能的影响；利用物理化学的新理论，新方法极有成效地改善了菱镁制品返卤泛霜的现象，研究结果对指导菱镁制品的生产、扩大其应用领域具有重要意义。     

盐湖资源开发污染问题的探讨及对策

青海有丰富的盐湖资源,盐湖钾肥生产带来的副产品对盐湖资源与环境污染严重。本文阐述了水氯镁石、废弃的石盐,以及石灰法生产镁砂工艺、利用水氯镁石电解生产镁工艺等对环境的污染与危害。指出盐湖资源综合开发的关键是如何利用生产钾肥后的水氯镁石,而脱水问题又是利用水氯镁石的关键。文章重点介绍了几种防治污染的绿色生产工艺:合成铵光卤石脱水炼镁法、水氯镁石溶剂络合脱水电解制镁法、氨法制取氧化镁—直接电解氧化镁生产金属镁新工艺等,尤其是后者,属具有节能降耗、高效、清洁等特点的新技术,是当前综合利用水氯镁石的最好方法。     

Decomposition of belowground litter and metal dynamics in salt marshes (Tagus Estuary, Portugal)

The concentrations of C, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were determined monthly in decomposing roots of Halimione portulacoides, using litterbag experiments, in two salt marshes of the Tagus estuary with different levels of contamination. Although carbon concentrations varied within a narrow interval during the experiment, litter decomposed rapidly in the first month (weight loss between 0.051 and 0.065 g d(-1)). The time variation of metals was examined in terms of Me/C ratios and metal stocks. Ratios of Fe/C and Mn/C and their metal stocks increased in spring, presumably due to the precipitation of oxides in the surface of decomposing roots. Subsequent decrease of Fe/C and Mn/C ratios suggests the use of Fe and Mn oxides, as electron acceptors, in the organic matter oxidation. Zinc, Cu, Pb and Cd ratios to C were, in general, higher than at initial conditions implying that metal that leached out was slower than carbon. However, metal stocks decreased during the experiment indicating that incorporation or sorption of metals in Fe and Mn oxides did not counterbalance the amount of Zn, Pb and Cd released from decomposing litter. An exception was observed for Cu, since stock in the less contaminated marsh (Pancas) increased during the decomposition, indicating that litter was efficient on Cu binding under more oxidising conditions. These results emphasize the importance of litter decomposition and sediment characteristics on metal cycling in salt marshes.     

Salt damage to brick kiln walls in Japan: spatial and seasonal variation of efflorescence and moisture content

To clarify the mechanism of salt fretting of a brick building, monthly observations were made over one year at a two-storey brick kiln in central Japan. Products of weathering that had fallen were collected and weighed; salts were identified using XRD and the moisture content of the brick was measured at its surface using a portable infrared optical moisture meter. Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) was found at the bottom of the first floor wall in the warm and humid season. Thenardite (Na₂SO₄) is dominant on the first floor wall; it is abundant in the cold and dry season but sparse in the warm and humid season. Magnesium sulphate is dominant on the second floor wall; epsomite (MgSO₄·7H₂O) was observed in the dry-to-wet season and hexahydrite (MgSO₄·6H₂O) in the wet-to-dry season. Seasonal changes in salt abundance result from the temperature dependence of the solubilities and equilibrium relative humidities (ERH) of each salt. The amount of brick decay material due to salt weathering is much greater from the second floor wall than from the first floor wall and is greater from spring to the end of summer. These seasonal and spatial variations of the rate of brick decay can be explained by a combination of factors: (1) the types of salt, (2) efflorescence or sub-florescence and (3) salt deliquescence.