Effects of choline chloride on the ruminal microbiome at 2 dietary neutral detergent fiber concentrations in continuous culture

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of unprotected choline chloride (Cho) on the ruminal microbiome at 2 dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. We hypothesized that the effects of Cho on ruminal bacterial populations would depend on NDF. Eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermentors were arranged in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square as a 2 × 2 factorial with the following treatments: (1) 30% NDF-control (30% NDF diet, no supplemental choline); (2) 30% NDF-Cho (30% NDF diet plus 1.9 g of choline ion per kg of dry matter); (3) 40% NDF-control (40% NDF diet, no supplemental choline); and (4) 40% NDF-Cho (40% NDF diet plus 1.9 g of choline ion per kg of dry matter). We did 4 fermentation periods of 10 d each and used the last 3 d for collection of samples of solid and liquid digesta effluents for DNA extraction. Overall, 32 solid and 32 liquid samples were analyzed by amplification of the V4 variable region of bacterial 16S rRNA. Data were analyzed with R (R Project for Statistical Computing) and SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) to determine effects of Cho, NDF, and NDF × Cho on taxa relative abundance. The correlation of propionate molar proportion with taxa relative abundance was also analyzed. At the phylum level, relative abundance of Firmicutes in the liquid fraction tended to be greater when Cho was supplemented with a 30% NDF diet. At the order level, Cho increased Coriobacteriales in solid fraction and decreased Fibrobacterales in liquid fraction. Moreover, Cho decreased abundance of Clostridiales and increased Selenomonadales in the solid fraction, only with the 30% NDF diet. For genera, lower abundance of Pseudobutyrivibrio resulted from Cho in solid and liquid fractions. Greater abundance of Succinivibrio in solid and Selenomonas and Selenomonas 1 in liquid resulted from Cho with the 30% NDF diet. Propionate molar proportion was positively correlated with relative abundance of order Selenomonadales in solid and liquid fractions, and with genus Succinivibrio in solid and genera Selenomonas and Selenomonas 1 in liquid. Our results indicate that Cho primarily decreases abundance of bacteria involved in fiber degradation and increases abundance of bacteria mainly involved in nonstructural carbohydrate degradation and synthesis of propionate, particularly when a diet with 30% NDF is provided.     

短链脂肪酸改善2型糖尿病小鼠胰岛素抵抗和胰腺损伤

以链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的糖尿病小鼠为研究对象,研究短链脂肪酸对糖尿病小鼠血糖代谢的改善作用。通过腹腔注射200 mg/kg STZ建立糖尿病小鼠模型,研究乙酸钠、丙酸钠和丁酸钠对糖尿病小鼠进食量和体重变化、口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)、血糖水平、血清胰岛素水平、胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)指数及胰腺组织结构的影响。结果显示:与模型组相比,乙酸钠和丙酸钠可显著降低累计进食量(p0.05),分别降低了10.09%和8.90%;乙酸钠和丁酸钠,对2型糖尿病小鼠其他指标包括体重、空腹血糖、葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素抵抗和胰腺组织损伤修复都没有显著改善作用(p0.05)。丙酸钠可以显著降低血糖水平(20.65%)和胰岛素抵抗(11.19%),增强胰岛β细胞功能(64.50%),提高葡萄糖耐量,对胰腺组织损伤起到改善作用。     

Synergistic antimicrobial effect of lactocin AL705 and nisin combined with organic acid salts against Listeria innocua 7 in broth and a hard cheese

The effectiveness of antimicrobial mixtures against Listeria innocua 7, used as a L. monocytogenes surrogate, was investigated in broth and a food system. Synergistic effects were found for nisin (Nis), potassium sorbate (PS), calcium propionate (CP) and sodium lactate (SL), Nis + PS being the most effective binary mixture that exhibited listericidal activity in broth. To assess the effect of adding lactocin AL705 (AL705) to Nis + organic acid salt combinations, tridimensional isobolograms were generated. Sub-MIC combinations of the antimicrobials exerted bactericidal activity against L. innocua 7 after AL705 addition to the binary mixtures. However, when applied on Sardo cheese contaminated with L. innocua 7 (initial inoculum 4.45 ± 0.06 CFU g⁻¹), only Nis + PS + AL705 produced count reductions respect to the control, reaching 3.04 ± 0.35 CFU g⁻¹ counts after 15 days at 15 °C. Ternary combinations containing AL705 showed potential to reduce antimicrobial usages for L. innocua 7 inhibition.     

煤制天然气甲烷化装置开车过程中问题及处理措施

对煤制气甲烷化开车过程中问题进行研究,详细讨论了脱硫系统中脱硫槽温度、水蒸汽浓度和脱硫催化剂、甲烷化反应系统中工艺气组成、温度、水蒸汽流量以及循环气量等在开车过程中易出现的问题,并给出了相应的处理措施。     

微波与传统水热法合成丙酸锌

采用微波水热法和传统水热法以氧化锌和丙酸为原料、去离子水为溶剂成功合成了丙酸锌(C6H10O4Zn)。对比考察了两种合成方法中单因素(反应温度、反应时间、丙酸/氧化锌摩尔比、去离子水量)对丙酸锌产率的影响;利用EDTA络合滴定、元素分析仪(EA)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)和热重分析仪(TG)分析了丙酸锌的组成与结构。结果表明,在最优化反应条件下,微波水热法和传统水热法合成丙酸锌的产率分别为94.06%和87.34%;与传统水热法相比,微波水热法对丙酸锌制备过程具有强化作用。采用两种不同方法所合成的样品都具有典型的丙酸锌结构,组成略有差异,微波条件下的丙酸锌含更多结晶水,热稳定性更好。     

Enhanced crystallization of poly(lactide) stereocomplex by xylan propionate

The effect of xylan propionate (XylPr) as a novel biomass‐derived nucleating agent on the poly(lactide) sterecomplex was investigated. Addition of XylPr to an enantiomeric blend of poly(l ‐lactide) (PLLA) and poly(d ‐lactide) (PDLA) was performed in either the solution state or molten state. The solution blend of PLLA/PDLA with XylPr was prepared by mixing equal volumes of 1 wt% XylPr/PLLA and 1 wt% XylPr/PDLA solutions in chloroform and precipitating in methanol. The solution blend with XylPr showed shorter half‐time crystallization than the solution blend without XylPr in isothermal crystallization between 80 and 140 °C, although homocrystallization occurred. Enhanced stereocomplex crystallization in the solution blend with XylPr was observed at 180 °C, where no crystallization occurred in the solution blend without XylPr. Addition of XylPr to PLLA/PDLA blend in the molten state was performed at 240 °C. Thereafter, the melt blend of PLLA/PDLA with or without XylPr was either quenched in iced water or isothermally crystallized directly from the melt. Isothermal crystallization of the melt‐quenched blend with XylPr gave a similar result to the solution blend with XylPr. In contrast, the melt‐crystallized blend with XylPr formed only stereocomplex crystals after crystallization above 140 °C. Furthermore, the melt‐crystallized blend with XylPr showed a higher crystallinity index and melting temperature than the melt‐crystallized blend without XylPr. This shows that XylPr promotes stereocomplex crystallization only when the blend of PLLA/PDLA with XylPr is directly crystallized from the molten state just after blending. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate and 3-nitrooxypropanol on ruminal fermentation,microbial abundance,and methane emissions in sheep

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of feeding ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate (E3NP) and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3NP), 2 recently developed compounds with potential antimethanogenic activity, in vitro and in vivo in nonlactating sheep on ruminal methane production, fermentation pattern, the abundance of major microbial groups, and feed degradability. Three experiments were conducted, 1 in vitro and 2 in vivo. The in vitro batch culture trial (experiment 1) tested 2 doses of E3NP and 3NP (40 and 80 μL/L), which showed a substantial reduction of methane production (up to 95%) without affecting concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The 2 in vivo trials were conducted over 16 d (experiment 2) and 30 d (experiment 3) to study their effects in sheep. In experiment 2, 6 adult nonpregnant sheep, with permanent rumen cannula and fed alfalfa hay and oats (60:40), were treated with E3NP at 2 doses (50 and 500 mg/animal per day). After 7, 14, and 15 d of treatment, methane emissions were recorded in respiration chambers and rumen fluid samples were collected for VFA analysis and quantification of bacterial, protozoal, and archaeal numbers by real-time PCR. Methane production decreased by 29% compared with the control with the higher dose of E3NP on d 14 to 15. A decrease in the acetate:propionate ratio was observed without detrimental effects on dry matter intake. In experiment 3, 9 adult nonpregnant sheep, with permanent rumen cannula and fed with alfalfa hay and oats (60:40), were treated with E3NP or 3NP at one dose (100 mg/animal per day) over 30 d. On d 14 and d 29 to 30, methane emissions were recorded in respiration chambers. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 29 and 30 for VFA analysis and quantification of bacterial, protozoal, and archaeal numbers by real-time PCR. In addition, on d 22 and 23, samples of oats and alfalfa hay were incubated in the rumen of sheep to determine dry matter ruminal degradation over 24 and 48 h, respectively; no effect was observed (78.6, 78.3, and 78.8% of alfalfa and 74.2, 74.0, and 70.6% of oats in control, E3NP, and 3NP groups, respectively). A reduction in methane production was observed for both additives at d 14 and d 29 to 30. In both treatments, the acetate:propionate ratio was significantly decreased. Likewise, total concentrations of the analyzed microbial groups in the rumen showed no difference among treatments and doses for both experiments. Both tested compounds showed promise as methane inhibitors in the rumen, with no detrimental effects on fermentation or intake, which would need to be confirmed in lactating animals.     

Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Semiclathrate Hydrate Formed with Tetrabutylammonium Propionate

The phase equilibrium temperature and dissociation heat of tetrabutylammonium propionate (TBAPr) hydrate are reported. TBAPr hydrate is a type of ionic semiclathrate hydrates and also could potentially be used as thermal energy storage material. The temperature‐composition phase diagram of the TBAPr hydrate was determined in a defined range of mass fractions. Considering the dissociation heat of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, multiple peaks of heat flow were observed in the TBAPr‐water system at the TBAPr mass fraction lower than 0.35, and there was a single peak at the mass fraction higher than 0.37.     

农药中间体R-（＋）-2-（4-羟基苯氧基）丙酸酯合成工艺条件的研究

近年来,杂环农药和光学活性农药成为世界各大公司研发的热点,高效氟吡甲禾灵是此类农药最具代表性的品种之一。本文介绍的是高效氟吡甲禾灵中间体OP[R-（＋）-2-（4-羟基苯氧基）丙酸酯]的合成工艺,分析了合成工艺条件对OP含量的影响,并对其工艺条件进行了研究,通过大量的实验对比得出了最佳的工艺条件———以物料中R-（＋）...     

饮料酒中甲醇与杂醇油的气相色谱法分析

为了提高酒中甲醇、杂醇油测定的精密度和准确度,节省分析时间和分析成本。本实验探索研究采用丙酸乙酯作为用气相色谱法的内标物,测定饮料酒中的甲醇和杂醇油（异丁醇、异戊醇）含量的方法。采用GDX-102不锈钢填充柱进行分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,利用保留时间定性,并以丙酸乙酯作内标定量,并顺带测定了其中的乙酸乙酯、正丙醇和正丁醇的含量。得到了令人满意的结果：方法的准确度高,7种组分的加标回收率在90．1％～108．8％之间;方法的重现性精密度即相对标准偏差在0．00％～5．37％之间,符合国标规定的气相色谱的测定误差不大于10％的要求。