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1.
The ever-increasing amount of solid waste generated by wastewater treatment plants highlights emerging economic and environmental issues. In order to develop new processes producing less sludge, the use of ozone combined with anaerobic digestion was investigated for waste activated sludge treatment. This paper was aimed at evaluating the impact of ozone pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and particularly the enhancement of biogas production. Sludge solubilization was estimated in terms of modification of chemical oxygen demand, solids and nitrogen. Batch anaerobic digestion highlighted the enhancement of ozonated sludge biodegradability. Ozonation led to an increase in biogas production. The ozone dose of 0.15 g O3/g total solids resulted in a considerable increase in the soluble COD ratio from 4% to 37%. This ozone dose achieved the highest increase in biogas production: 2.4 times greater than without chemical pretreatment. 相似文献
2.
High pressure microfluidization treatment of heat denatured whey proteins for improved functionality 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Solutions (5% protein) of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) in fresh acid whey or in water, as well as the fresh whey alone, were adjusted to pH 5.8, 4.8 or 3.8, heat treated at 90 °C for 10 min and further exposed to high pressure (150 MPa) microfluidization treatment. The volumes of sediment after centrifugation were recorded as a measure of the degree of insolubility of the proteins. Microfluidization disrupted the heat-induced aggregates into non-sedimenting whey protein polymers so that in some cases, especially at pH 3.8, the products studied were almost completely resistant to sedimentation after the microfluidization treatments. Heat denatured/microfluidized whey proteins reaggregated upon subsequent heating, with the pH having a major impact on the amount of sediment produced. Microfluidization of aqueous WPC solutions heat-treated before spray- or freeze-drying substantially increased the solubility of the powders upon reconstitution. Heat-induced viscoelastic gels were produced from freeze-dried microfluidized samples processed at pH 3.8 and reconstituted to solutions containing 12% (w/w) protein. 相似文献
3.
Jiajia RaoDavid Julian McClements 《Food Hydrocolloids》2012,26(1):268-276
Lipophilic functional ingredients are usually incorporated into aqueous-based foods and beverages in the form of colloidal dispersions. In this study, we investigated the rate and extent of solubilization of emulsified lemon oil in mixed non-ionic surfactant solutions (buffer: propylene glycol = 2:1): sucrose monopalmitate (SMP) and/or Tween 80 (T80). The influence of surfactant concentration, type, and mixing ratio on lemon oil solubilization was investigated, with the aim of identifying suitable conditions for preparing stable microemulsions and nanoemulsions. Solubilization was monitored by measuring changes in light scattering by lemon oil droplets after they were dispersed in surfactant solutions (pH 7). The solubilization process was rapid (<few minutes), with the rate increasing with increasing surfactant concentration. For a particular surfactant type and concentration, lemon oil was transferred from nanoemulsion droplets into microemulsion droplets until a critical lemon oil concentration (Csat) was reached, after which it remained as nanoemulsion droplets. The value of Csat increased with increasing surfactant concentration and was higher for SMP than Tween 80. The impact of storage at pH 3.5 on the physical stability of microemulsions and nanoemulsions was examined. Acid stable colloidal dispersions could not be formed using SMP alone. However, relatively stable nanoemulsions and microemulsions could be formed when ≥75 or 50 wt% Tween 80 was incorporated into the surfactant phase, respectively. This study provides important information for the rational design of food-grade colloidal delivery systems for encapsulating and delivering functional lipids for food and beverage applications. 相似文献
4.
Wei-Min Zhang Hui-Min LiZhong-Xi Sun Qi ZhangWillis Forsling 《Microporous and mesoporous materials》2012,147(1):222-228
Pore size and pore volume adjustable mesoporous ZnS was synthesized through a co-template method, which was achieved by the combined interaction between butylamine and some alkanols with proper lengths of the straight carbon chain. The pore size for mesoporous ZnS templated by butyl amine alone was 4.29 nm, and could be enlarged to 6.96 and 8.33 nm respectively through adding certain amounts of hexanol and octanol. Correspondingly, the pore volume also exhibited an augmentation with increasing carbon chain lengths of alkanols from C6 to C8. However, the pore size and pore volume dropped abruptly when decanol was added as the auxiliary agent. The formation of mesopores for ZnS prepared using butylamine molecules as the only templating agent is considered to be attributed to the coordination between N atoms in amines and Zn2+ ions at the surfaces of zinc suphide. The templating effect of butylamines might be improved by adding hexanols and octanols to form aggregates through solubilization to tailor the pore size and pore volume of ZnS effectively, while the function of decanols for changing the porous structure is restricted by its low solubility. 相似文献
5.
《Drug development and industrial pharmacy》2013,39(2):119-128
Ground mixtures of ketoprofen (KETO) with native crystalline β-cyclodextrin, amorphous statistically substituted methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and microcrystalline cellulose were investigated for both solid phase characterization (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) powder X-ray diffractometry, and infrared (IR) spectrometry) and dissolution properties (dispersed amount and rotating disk methods) to evaluate the role of the carrier on the performance of the final product. The effects of different grinding conditions, partial sample dehydration, and 1 year storage at room temperature were also investigated. The results pointed out the importance of the carrier nature on the efficiency of the cogrinding process. Both cyclodextrins were much more effective than was microcrystalline cellulose, even though no true inclusion complex formation occurred by mechanochemical activation. The best results were obtained from ground mixtures with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which showed the best amorphizing and solubilizing power toward the drug and permitted an increase of approximately 100 times its intrinsic dissolution rate constant, in comparison with the approximate 10 times increase obtained from ground mixtures with β-cyclodextrin. 相似文献
6.
7.
《Drug development and industrial pharmacy》2013,39(10):1303-1309
ABSTRACTTo obtain an effective iodine solution, the use of 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (2-HP-α-CD) as solubilizer was examined in comparison with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), potassium iodide (KI), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The stability constants for inclusion of iodine with cyclodextrin and KI were ascertained by the solubility method. The apparent stability constants increased in the following order: KI<β-CD<α-CD<2-HP-α-CD. This order was nearly in accordance with that of the stabilization ability. The largest volatile depression effect was exhibited by 2HP-α-CD. The measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MC) using Escherichia coli NIH-J-2 and Staphylococcus aureus FDA209P suggested that the bactericidal activity of the iodine/2-HP-α-CD system was the same as that of the iodine/α-CD, iodine/β-CD, and iodine/PVP systems. The present results suggest that the combination of 2-HP-α-CD and iodine is useful for a stable and effective iodine solution. 相似文献
8.
本工作研究了不同热处理制度对低膨胀高温合金析出相的行为以及晶粒长大的影响。实验结果表明,在Laves相析出峰温度范围(980~990℃)保温不同时间,Laves相尺寸逐渐增大,晶粒不长大。在1000~1040℃保温1 h后Laves相开始溶解,晶粒逐渐长大至4级、3.5级、3级、2级,因此在热加工过程中为避免晶粒长大,热变形加热温度不应超过1010℃,或在1000℃变形且保温时间不应超过1 h。晶界Laves相的含量对合金性能影响较小,而合金的晶粒度对其影响较大。 相似文献
9.
The ability of nonionic surfactants to solubilize the pesticide alachlor was studied. Two homologue series, octylphenol ethoxylates (Triton X-114, Triton X-100 and Triton X-102) and ethoxylated decyl alcohols (Neodol 91-5E, Neodol 91-6E and Neodol 91-8E) were used at concentrations 3 critical micelle concentration (CMC) and 6 CMC. The rate of solubilization of a sufficient quantity of alachlor (for saturation) in aqueous solution containing the micelles of nonionic surfactant was recorded. The experimental data were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. The rate constant, saturation concentration and enhancement factor were estimated for each surfactant system. The effect of surfactant structure, CMC concentration, pesticide structure and its physicochemical properties on the effectiveness of solubilization was determined. In terms of solubilization capability, the nonionic surfactants of each homologue series can be ranked as follows: Neodol 91-8E>Neodol 91-6E>Neodol 91-5E and Triton X-102>Triton X-100>Triton X-114. The more hydrophilic Neodol series was proved more efficient in alachlor solubilization than Triton series. The enhancement factor values ranged from 1.064 to 1.995 at 3 CMC and 1.320 to 2.919 at 6 CMC. The results will be used mainly for micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration since the extent of solubilization is a critical factor. 相似文献
10.
Use of biosurfactant to remediate phenanthrene-contaminated soil by the combined solubilization-biodegradation process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The applicability of the combined solubilization-biodegradation process was examined using soil-packed column. In the solubilization step, 50 pore volumes of 150 mg/l biosurfactants solution was injected and the percentage removal of phenanthrene (mg) was 17.3% and 9.5% from soil with pH 5 and 7, respectively. The highest solubility was detected at pH 5 and this result confirmed that adjusting the pH of the biosurfactants solution injected could enhance the solubility of phenanthrene. Following this, soil samples were completely transferred to batches and incubated for 10 weeks to monitor phenanthrene degradation. The phenanthrene concentration in the soil samples decreased significantly during the biodegradation step in all soil samples, except for the soil sample that was flushed with biosurfactants solution with pH 4. This indicated that the degradation of contaminants by specific species might not be affected by the residual biosurfactants following application of the solubilization process. Moreover, these results suggested that the biosurfactant-enhanced flushing process could be developed as a useful technology with no negative effects on subsurface environments and could be combined with the biodegradation process to increase the removal efficiency. 相似文献