镓锗铜萃余液综合利用研究与应用

本文针对镓锗铜综合回收系统产出的萃余液,设计通过中和氧化除杂、锌粉置换除铜镉、有机试剂除钴镍、纯碱法生产碱式碳酸锌、高温煅烧生产活性氧化锌和一步法生产元明粉的生产工艺流程,有效的将镓锗铜萃余液分类分离富集,产出具有价值的富集渣和工业产品,进一步提升综合回收经济效益。     

植物浸取剂浸取离子型稀土矿的试验探索

开展植物浸取剂浸取离子型稀土矿中稀土试验,探索了植物浸取剂的浸取机理、适应性、环保性及浸取性能。结果表明,植物浸取剂浸取离子型稀土矿中稀土的浸取机理为离子交换。在液固质量比1:2,浸取剂滴加速度20 ml/min条件下,用浓度为2.0%植物浸取剂水溶液浸取5种离子型稀土矿中稀土,浸取率最高为98.97%,最低为95.65%；浸取剂、浸取液及上清液的pH值等14项环保指标值均低于GB26451-2011限值；浸取渣的pH值等9项环保指标均低于GB15618-1995限值,pH值、有机质含量高于原矿。在液固比1:2,浸取剂滴加速度20 ml/min条件下,分别以2%植物浸取剂水溶液和2%硫酸铵水溶液浸取离子型稀土矿中稀土,植物浸取剂水溶液的浸取率为97.86%,高于硫酸铵的96.75%,出峰时间30 min,峰值浓度8 g/L以上,无拖尾现象。     

Lab scale optimization of various factors for photocatalytic hydrogen generation over low cost Cu0.02Ti0.98O2-δ photocatalyst under UV/Visible irradiation and sunlight

We have demonstrated earlier that maximum H₂ generated @ 1.167 l/h/m² over Cu_0.02Ti_0.98O_2-δ photocatalyst with apparent quantum efficiency, AQE of 7.5% and solar fuel efficiency, SFE of 3.9% under sunlight. With an aim to scale-up the solar photocatalytic hydrogen process to pilot plant, optimization studies at lab scale as well as in upscaled photoreactors were performed over Cu_0.02Ti_0.98O_2-δ, photocatalyst under UV/visible and sunlight. Cu_0.02Ti_0.98O_2-δ was synthesized by facile sol-gel route and characterized by relevant techniques. Several operational parameters were investigated in order to finalize the conditions which are most favourable for photocatalytic hydrogen yield. Factors such as photocatalyst loadings, v/v concentration of sacrificial reagent, replacement of methanol by industrial waste glycerol, role of different configuration of light source with reactor, effect of stirring during the photocatalytic reaction, effect of fluctuations of solar flux at hourly basis, illumination area on hydrogen yield were studied. Contribution of each factor in determining the hydrogen yield was quantified. Relative standard deviation in hydrogen yield as a function of each factor was estimated. Our findings suggest that in addition to catalyst loadings and sacrificial reagent, improved dispersion of photocatalyst obtained by stirring the reaction mixture in horizontal geometry resulted in enhanced H₂ yield. Hydrogen yield obtained at lab scale can be appropriately extrapolated with respect to illumination area instead of weight of photocatalyst. A relative standard deviation (RSD) of ± 3.82% and ± 4.53% in H₂ yield was calculated for sunny and cloudy days in time zone of 10.30–16.30 h IST. Deviation of H₂ yield was more on cloudy days and beyond 16:30 h. These studies have provided a daily window of 11:00–15:00 h to be utilized throughout the year for a commercial scaled up process, prohibiting the illumination during less productive hours of the day for shaping the improved economics of solar hydrogen generation. Our results obtained at lab scale would be useful to perform sunlight driven scaled –up photocatalytic process using low cost visible light efficient photocatalyst, Cu_0.02Ti_0.98O_2-δ.     

A semicontinuous approach for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation processes

The separation of azeotropes has substantial energy and investment costs, and the available methods require high capital costs for reconstruction of process plants. As an alternative, a semicontinuous configuration that utilizes an existing plant with minor modifications has been explored. In this paper, a semicontinuous, heterogeneous azeotropic distillation process is proposed and acetic acid dehydration process is used as a case study. To carry out the simulation work, Aspen HYSYS^® simulation software is used along with MATLAB^® and an interface program to handle the mode-transition of the semicontinuous process. Sensitivity analyses on operating parameters are performed to identify the process limits. Comparisons are made to conventional heterogeneous azeotropic distillation, and dividing-wall distillation column on the annual cost. The results proved that the semicontinuous system is the best setup in terms of total annual costs and energy requirements.     

Carbon nanorod supported metal alloy nanocubes using polydopamine as location reagent for water splitting

Transition metal catalysts were supposed to be the most likely substitute for commercial noble metal catalysts, and the development of highly active and long-term catalyst for water splitting are the future trend. Herein, Ni rectangular nitrogen doped carbon nanorods@Fe–Co nanocubes (Ni-CNRs@Fe–Co cubes) were fabricated via a facile template-free method. This simple strategy not only realizes the structure tailoring, but also achieves high-quality nitrogen-doping. Specifically, nickel dimethylglyoxime [Ni(dmg)₂] with rectangular rodlike structure was firstly synthesized by solution method, then metal-organic frameworks Fe–Co nanocube with different contents were loaded on rectangular carbon nanorods with polydopamine as the locating and the connecting agent, and finally Ni-CNRs@xFe-Co cubes were obtained by a one-step calcination. A series of electrochemical tests were researched on materials with different metal contents in the 1 M KOH solution. The Ni-CNRs@Fe–Co cubes show excellent electrocatalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). For HER and OER, the Tafel slopes were 83.3 mV dec⁻¹ and 71 mV dec⁻¹, the onset potential were −167 mV and 1.62 V, and reached the current densities of 10 mA cm⁻², the overpotential just needed 196 mV and 433 mV, respectively. This novel synthetic strategy will provide a template-free way for cheap electrocatalysts of non-precious metal for OER and HER.     

紫外分光光度法测定核酸含量的影响因素分析

选择寡聚核苷酸、鲑鱼精单链DNA、小牛胸腺双链DNA标准物质为样本,系统研究了溶液pH、苯酚、丙酮、蛋白质、多糖等对紫外分光光度法测量结果的影响情况,另外考察了核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的相互影响情况。研究发现基于分光光度法的核酸定量分析,易受溶液pH、苯酚、丙酮、蛋白质、多糖等的影响,另外,DNA和RNA之间也会相互干扰。因此,紫外分光光度法测定核酸含量时,特别是该方法用于核酸标准物质特性量值确定时,需要样品高度纯化,pH确定的条件下才能保证测量结果的准确可靠。     

Analysis of a hybrid distillation-pervaporation column in a single unit: Intermediate membrane section in the rectifying and stripping section

Distillation-pervaporation in a single unit (DPSU) column can perform separations that are not possible in conventional distillation by overcoming distillation boundaries. Unlike conventional hybrid distillation-pervaporation columns, in a DPSU system the pervaporation membrane is located inside the column. The separation by distillation and pervaporation is carried out simultaneously inside the same column section. In a previous work, a simplified model was used to design and analyze distillation-pervaporation in a single unit (DPSU) systems with a hybrid rectifying-pervaporation section, where the membrane constitutes the whole section. In this study, this simplified model is applied to DPSU columns where the membrane partially constitutes the rectifying or the stripping sections, including the model derivation of the stripping section and the operation leaves. The simplified model is applied for the separation of two mixtures with different Serafimov's topology classifications: acetone-isopropanol-water (topology type 1.0-2) and ethyl acetate-ethanol-methanol (topology type 2.0-2b). Thermodynamic limitations are identified for the separation of the ethyl acetate-ethanol-methanol mixture. Multiple operation leaves are produced depending on the liquid composition at the beginning of the membrane section, hindering the conditions that help to overcome the distillation boundary through a DPSU column. For some conditions, a section that is partially constituted by a membrane performs better than if the membrane constitutes the whole section.     

Synergistic effects of advanced oxidization reactions in a combination of TiO2 photocatalysis for hydrogen production and wastewater treatment applications

In this paper, the synergistic effects of advanced oxidization reactions in a combination of TiO₂ photocatalysis are comparatively investigated for hydrogen production and wastewater treatment applications. An experimental study is conducted with a photoelectrochemical reactor under a UV-light source. TiO₂ is selected as the photocatalyst due to the high corrosion resistant nature and ability to form hydroxyl radicals with the interaction with photons. The synergetic effects of advanced oxidization processes (AOPs) such as Fenton, Fenton-like, photocatalysis (TiO₂/UV) and UV photolysis (H₂O₂/UV) are investigated individually and in a combination of each other. The Fenton type reagent in the reactor is formed by anodic sacrificial of stainless-steel electrode with the presence of H₂O₂. The influences of various parameters, including pH level, type of the electrode and electrolyte and the UV light, on the performance of the combined system are also investigated experimentally. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency is observed as 97.9% for the experimental condition which combines UV/TiO₂, UV/H₂O₂ and photo-electro Fenton type processes. The maximum hydrogen production rate from the photoelectrolysis of wastewater is obtained as 7.0 mg/Wh for the experimental condition which has the highest rate of photo-electro Fenton type processes. The average enhancement with the presence of UV light on hydrogen production rates and COD removal efficiencies are further calculated to be 3% and 20%, respectively.