Clarification of a wheat straw‐derived medium with ion‐exchange resins for xylitol crystallization

BACKGROUND: Xylitol bioproduction from lignocellulosic residues comprises hydrolysis of the hemicellulose, detoxification of the hydrolysate, bioconversion of the xylose, and recovery of xylitol from the fermented hydrolysate. There are relatively few reports on xylitol recovery from fermented media. In the present study, ion‐exchange resins were used to clarify a fermented wheat straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate, which was then vacuum‐concentrated and submitted to cooling in the presence of ethanol for xylitol crystallization. RESULTS: Sequential adsorption into two anion‐exchange resins (A‐860S and A‐500PS) promoted considerable reductions in the content of soluble by‐products (up to 97.5%) and in medium coloration (99.5%). Vacuum concentration led to a dark‐colored viscous solution that inhibited xylitol crystallization. This inhibition could be overcome by mixing the concentrated medium with a commercial xylitol solution. Such a strategy led to xylitol crystals with up to 95.9% purity. The crystallization yield (43.5%) was close to that observed when using commercial xylitol solution (51.4%). CONCLUSION: The experimental data demonstrate the feasibility of using ion‐exchange resins followed by cooling in the presence of ethanol as a strategy to promote the fast recovery and purification of xylitol from hemicellulose‐derived fermentation media. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Casein Hydrolysate Fractions Act as Emulsifiers in Process Cheese

ABSTRACT: Degrees of hydrolysis and emulsifying activity of casein hydrolysates were the highest at 4 h hydrolysis. The oil-off values of the mixture of hydrolysate (H) or supernatant (S) and traditional emulsifier (T) were not significantly different from the control made with traditional emulsifier, except for S + T = 3:1. Two other samples made with hydrolysate or supernatant only (H or S) showed higher oil-off value than the others (p < 0.05). In flavor property, no difference was found between samples made with traditional emulsifier and those made with the mixture of hydrolysate or supernatant at the ratio of 3 to 1. Therefore, these results indicated that a mixture of the hydrolysate or supernatant and traditional emulsifier might replace a traditional emulsifier in process cheese manufacturing.     

Hesperidin Promotes Osteogenesis and Modulates Collagen Matrix Organization and Mineralization In Vitro and In Vivo

This study evaluated the direct effect of a phytochemical, hesperidin, on pre-osteoblast cell function as well as osteogenesis and collagen matrix quality, as there is little known about hesperidin’s influence in mineralized tissue formation and regeneration. Hesperidin was added to a culture of MC3T3-E1 cells at various concentrations. Cell proliferation, viability, osteogenic gene expression and deposited collagen matrix analyses were performed. Treatment with hesperidin showed significant upregulation of osteogenic markers, particularly with lower doses. Mature and compact collagen fibrils in hesperidin-treated cultures were observed by picrosirius red staining (PSR), although a thinner matrix layer was present for the higher dose of hesperidin compared to osteogenic media alone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a better mineral-to-matrix ratio and matrix distribution in cultures exposed to hesperidin and confirmed less collagen deposited with the 100-µM dose of hesperidin. In vivo, hesperidin combined with a suboptimal dose of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) (dose unable to promote healing of a rat mandible critical-sized bone defect) in a collagenous scaffold promoted a well-controlled (not ectopic) pattern of bone formation as compared to a large dose of BMP2 (previously defined as optimal in healing the critical-sized defect, although of ectopic nature). PSR staining of newly formed bone demonstrated that hesperidin can promote maturation of bone organic matrix. Our findings show, for the first time, that hesperidin has a modulatory role in mineralized tissue formation via not only osteoblast cell differentiation but also matrix organization and matrix-to-mineral ratio and could be a potential adjunct in regenerative bone therapies.     

Fractionation of partially stereoregular poly(propylene oxide)

Partially stereoregular poly(propylene oxide) samples were synthesized via reactions catalysed by a preformed analytically defined trimethylaluminium hydrolysate. These samples were fractionated into two contrastingly different fractions.

1. (i) D-polymers: This fraction constituted the major part (up to 90%). It mainly contained cyclic low molecular weight oligomers (MW < 1000). The linear chains found in D-polymers had hydroxyl end groups. No double bonds could be detected spectroscopically.

2. (ii) K-polymers: This fraction was high molecular weight stereoregular polymer. Stepwise thermal precipitation from dilute isooctane solution of K-polymers yielded a succession of fractions which differed in melting point. It appears that the phase equilibria during the thermal precipitations were not controlled by the molecular weights of species.

A Possible Industrial Solution to Ferment Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzate to Ethanol: Continuous Cultivation with Flocculating Yeast

The cultivation of toxic lignocellulosic hydrolyzates has become a challenging research topic in recent decades. Although several cultivation methods have been proposed, numerous questions have arisen regarding their industrial applications. The current work deals with a solution to this problem which has a good potential application on an industrial scale. A toxic dilute-acid hydrolyzate was continuously cultivated using a high-cell-density flocculating yeast in a single and serial bioreactor which was equipped with a settler to recycle the cells back to the bioreactors. No prior detoxification was necessary to cultivate the hydrolyzates, as the flocks were able to detoxify it in situ. The experiments were successfully carried out at dilution rates up to 0.52 h⁻¹. The cell concentration inside the bioreactors was between 23 and 35 g-DW/L, while the concentration in the effluent of the settlers was 0.32 ± 0.05 g-DW/L. An ethanol yield of 0.42–0.46 g/g-consumed sugar was achieved, and the residual sugar concentration was less than 6% of the initial fermentable sugar (glucose, galactose and mannose) of 35.2 g/L.     

固定化细胞在三相流化床中发酵生产木糖醇

为了建立一种成本低、产率高、能连续高效地生产木糖醇的新工艺,研究了固定化假丝酵母(Candida sp.)细胞在三相流化床内分批发酵玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇这一工艺过程.适宜的工艺条件为:32℃,起始木糖质量浓度100g/L,固定化细胞与发酵培养基体积比1:3.8,分段通气:0～24 h,0.5 L/min;24～80 h,0.175 L/min.利用固定化细胞重复进行6批发酵,木糖醇得率平均为63.5%.玉米芯半纤维素水解液未经脱色以及离子交换等脱毒处理便可直接有效地转化成木糖醇;三相流化床生物反应器动力消耗少、流化状态稳定均匀.该方法大大降低了原料预处理的成本,发酵结果较好.     

羊骨蛋白酶解物热反应制备羊肉香精的研究

以低值羊骨蛋白酶解液为原料,通过Maillard反应制备羊肉香精。研究结果表明:添加不同水解度的羊骨酶解液对羊肉香气的形成有明显差异(p<0.001),添加水解度为25.92%～30.29%的羊骨蛋白酶解液对羊肉香精整体风味的提升有重要作用。采用均匀设计优化Maillard反应最优配方和最佳条件:羊骨酶解液100.0g、反应初始pH6.5、温度125℃、时间180min、半胱氨酸1.369g、丙氨酸0.2g、牛磺酸2.5g、硫胺素2.5g、葡萄糖4.0g、水解植物蛋白1.428g、氧化羊脂12.0g。      

两种来源于牛皮胶原蛋白的新型ACE抑制肽

从牛皮胶原蛋白中鉴定分离出抑制血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶（ACE）的多肽片段。首先优化牛皮胶原蛋白水解方法,应用胃蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶获得活性最高的水解产物（抑制ACE的IC50为0.168 mg/m L）。经MW 5000超滤分离后,得到水解液中活性最高的部分（IC50为0.079 mg/m L）。对分离后低于MW 5000的部分经RP-HPLC进一步分离,发现含有大量ACE抑制肽,并应用RP-HPLC-MS/MS鉴定出两种新型ACE抑制肽,氨基酸序列分别为ISVPGPM和LGPVGNPGPA,IC50值分别为0.017 mg/m L（24.3μmol/L）和0.077 mg/m L（87.8μmol/L）。最后,本文模拟了两种抑制肽在体内生理环境下的消化,发现均可被部分降解,且消化产物具有与原始多肽相近的ACE抑制活性。      

Biological hydrogen production from corn stover by moderately thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum W16

This study addressed the utilization of an agro-waste, corn stover, as a renewable lignocellulosic feedstock for the fermentative H₂ production by the moderate thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum W16. The corn stover was first hydrolyzed by cellulase with supplementation of xylanase after delignification with 2% NaOH. It produced reducing sugar at a yield of 11.2 g L⁻¹ glucose, 3.4 g L⁻¹ xylose and 0.5 g L⁻¹ arabinose under the optimum condition of cellulase dosage 25 U g⁻¹ substrate with supplement xylanase 30 U g⁻¹ substrate. The hydrolyzed corn stover was sequentially introduced to fermentation by strain W16, where, the cell density and the maximum H₂ production rate was comparable to that on simulated medium, which has the same concentration of reducing sugars with hydrolysate. The present results suggest a promising combined hydrogen production process from corn stover with enzymatic hydrolysis stage and fermentation stage using W16.     

油茶籽粕蛋白功能特性及其酶解产物抗氧化活性研究

采用碱溶酸沉法提取油茶籽粕中的蛋白质,运用正交试验优化提取的最佳条件,并分析油茶籽粕蛋白功能特性及其木瓜蛋白酶水解物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,在pH 10、料液比1∶30(m/V)、提取时间3h、提取温度50℃的最佳条件下,油茶籽粕蛋白的得率为4.99%。油茶籽粕蛋白等电点在pH 5左右。乳化能力、乳化稳定性和起泡能力随p H增加呈先降后升的趋势,与蛋白溶解度密切相关。木瓜蛋白酶能有效提高油茶籽粕蛋白溶解性,其蛋白水解物对DPPH·自由基和羟基自由基均具有很好的清除能力(清除率85%),对铜离子的螯合能力大于对铁离子的螯合能力。