负载型Co基双功能催化剂上戊酸酯生物燃料的制备

采用浸渍法制备了HZSM-5、HY、Hβ以及MCM-22四种载体上负载Co的催化剂,在高压反应釜中,开展了以乙酰丙酸乙酯为原料一步法加氢脱氧合成戊酸乙酯以及戊酸生物燃料的研究。采用XRD、XPS、TEM、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、py-FTIR、ICP-AES等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,10Co/HZSM-5催化剂由于Co在HZSM-5上分布均匀,并且B酸酸性、总酸量以及还原性能最优,在保持较高的反应性能的同时,提高了产物的选择性,具有较高的催化性能。进一步对反应温度、反应压力等进行优化,在反应温度为240℃、压力为3 MPa、反应3 h时,以正辛烷作溶剂,催化剂表现出较高的催化性能,乙酰丙酸乙酯的转化率达到100%,戊酸酯和戊酸的总收率可达90%。     

Carbon-coated Ni-Co alloy catalysts: preparation and performance for in-situ aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate to hydrocarbons using methanol as the hydrogen donor

Carbon-coated Ni, Co and Ni-Co alloy catalysts were prepared by the carbonization of the metal doped resorcinol-formaldehyde resins synthesized by the one-pot extended Stöber method. It was found that the introduction of Co remarkably reduced the carbon microsphere size. The metallic Ni, Co, and Ni-Co alloy particles (mainly 10–12 nm) were uniformly distributed in carbon microspheres. A charge transfer from Ni to Co appeared in the Ni-Co alloy. Compared with those of metallic Ni and Co, the d-band center of the Ni-Co alloy shifted away from and toward the Fermi level, respectively. In the in-situ aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate with methanol as the hydrogen donor at 330 °C, the decarbonylation/decarboxylation pathway dominated on all catalysts. The Ni-Co@C catalysts gave higher activity than the Ni@C and Co@C catalysts, and the yields of n-pentadecane and n-C₆–n-C₁₆ reached 71.6% and 92.6%, respectively. The excellent performance of Ni-Co@C is attributed to the electronic interactions between Ni and Co and the small carbon microspheres. Due to the confinement effect of carbon, the metal particles showed high resistance to sintering under harsh hydrothermal conditions. Catalyst deactivation is due to the carbonaceous deposition, and the regeneration with CO₂ recovered the catalyst reactivity.     

Recent research progress on bio-oil conversion into bio-fuels and raw chemicals: a review

Recent advances in lignocellulosic biomass valorization for producing fuels and commodities (olefins and BTX aromatics) are gathered in this paper, with a focus on the conversion of bio-oil (produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass). The main valorization routes are: (i) conditioning of bio-oil (by esterification, aldol condensation, ketonization, in situ cracking, and mild hydrodeoxygenation) for its use as a fuel or stable raw material for further catalytic processing; (ii) production of fuels by deep hydrodeoxygenation; (iii) ex situ catalytic cracking (in line) of the volatiles produced in biomass pyrolysis, aimed at the selective production of olefins and aromatics; (iv) cracking of raw bio-oil in units designed with specific objectives concerning selectivity; and (v) processing in fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC) units. This review deals with the technological evolution of these routes, in terms of catalysts, reaction conditions, reactors, and product yields. A study has been carried out on the current state-of-knowledge of the technological capacity, advantages and disadvantages of the different routes, as well as on the prospects for the implementation of each route within the scope of the Sustainable Refinery. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

生物油低温加氢脱氧的研究

采用Pt系负载型催化剂,在高压反应釜内进行了生物质快速裂解油(生物油)的低温加氢脱氧研究。考察了催化剂的种类(Pt/C和Pt/γ-Al_2O_3)、反应温度(180～240℃)和反应时间(20～80 min)对生物油加氢脱氧效果及产物收率的影响。实验结果表明,采用Pt/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,在优化的反应条件(即反应温度220℃、反应时间60 min)下,生物油的脱氧率可达50%以上。产物分析结果表明,由于氧的脱除,提质油热值增加到33.45 MJ/kg,而羧基的转化使其pH提高到3.25;且产物实现了油水分离。该方法的特点是焦炭收率低(低于2%),因此催化剂的寿命长。     

Hydrodeoxygenation of HMF over Pt/C in a continuous flow reactor

The three‐phase hydrodeoxygenation reaction of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with H₂ was studied over a 10 wt % Pt/C catalyst using both batch and flow reactors, with ethanol, 1‐propanol, and toluene solvents. The reaction is shown to be sequential, with HMF reacting first to furfuryl ethers and other partially hydrogenated products. These intermediate products then form dimethyl furan (DMF), which in turn reacts further to undesired products. Furfuryl ethers were found to react to DMF much faster than HMF, explaining the higher reactivity of HMF when alcohol solvents were used. With the optimal residence time, it was possible to achieve yields approaching 70% in the flow reactor with the Pt/C catalyst. Much higher selectivities and yields were obtained in the flow reactor than in the batch reactor because side products are formed sequentially, rather than in parallel, demonstrating the importance of choosing the correct type of reactor in catalyst screening. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 590–597, 2015     

Lignocellulosic Biofuels: Phase Separation during Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Liquid Phase Pyrolysis Oil

This paper contributes to the understanding of liquid phase pyrolysis (LPP) oil upgrading. The subject of discussion is hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). A three-stage hydrotreatment of liquid phase pyrolysis oil is described. It was found that during the initial heating stage conditions no HDO oil was produced. The HDO oil was formed during the main heating stage. During the initial heating stage, the oxygen content and the average molecular weight remained relatively constant. In the main heating stage the oxygen content decreased from 40 wt.% to 24 wt.% and the average molecular weight also decreases from 630 to 570 g/mol. Finally in the isothermal stage HDO oil was formed, indicated by a drop in oxygen content.     

高水热稳定性加氢脱氧Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂的制备

以动植物油脂为原料加氢脱氧生产生物柴油的关键是开发具有优异加氢脱氧活性和稳定性的新型催化剂。今采用溶胶凝胶法制备了本体型Ni-Mo复合氧化物加氢脱氧催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、BET等表征,以含20%小桐子油的正辛烷溶液为原料,在连续固定床反应装置上考察了催化剂的活性和水热稳定性。结果表明:溶胶凝胶法可制备出具有优异活性的钼镍复合氧化物催化剂,水热处理后催化剂的比表面积和孔容减小以及形成了部分Ni Mo O4新相,前者使催化剂的活性下降,后者使催化剂的活性增加,二者的综合作用使水热处理催化剂的活性下降。提高催化剂的焙烧温度或添加镁铝尖晶石等方法可有效改善催化剂的水热稳定性和调控小桐子油的加氢脱氧反应路径。在330℃、2~5 h-1和310℃、2 h-1条件下,小桐子油在700℃焙烧、水热处理前后的催化剂上的脱氧率均高达99.0%以上。与在水热处理前催化剂上的反应结果相比,小桐子油在水热处理后催化剂上的脱羧基、脱羰基反应产物增加了15%。     

W2C/AC催化快速热解松木磨木木质素

以活性炭（AC）为载体制备了不同钨负载量的W₂C/AC催化剂,将其和松木磨木木质素（MWL）机械混合后进行Py-GC/MS（快速热解-气相色谱/质谱联用）实验,考察了钨负载量、催化剂/MWL比例对产物分布的影响,并通过外标法对主要产物（芳烃类和酚类）的真实产率进行了定量分析。结果表明,W₂C/AC催化剂可有效促进木质素的热解解聚生成单酚类产物,并对酚类产物具有脱羰基、脱甲氧基、脱羟基以及加氢的效果,从而促进稳定的酚类产物（不含羰基、甲氧基和不饱和碳碳双键）和芳烃类产物的生成。在4种W₂C/AC催化剂中,10%-W₂C/AC的催化效果最佳,在催化剂/MWL比例为5时热解产物总产率达到最大值,此时芳烃类和酚类产物的总产率由无催化剂时的21.2 mg·g^-1和151.0 mg·g^-1增加至102.1 mg·g^-1和191.1 mg·g^-1。