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1.
为了控制双燃料发动机的NOx排放,采用电控共轨柴油机在缸内直喷聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)引燃甲醇预混气,实现双燃料燃烧模式。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱多组分测量技术,研究了柴油机氧化催化转化器(DOC)和选择性催化还原(SCR)催化转化器对PODE/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧NOx排放的影响规律。结果表明:随着甲醇比例的增加,低负荷时的缸内最高温度降低,高负荷时的缸内高温持续时间缩短,并且甲醇的加入使得发动机排气温度降低,最终导致双燃料燃烧生成的NOx量降低,而m(NO2)/m(NOx)却显著提高。经过DOC催化后,PODE/甲醇双燃料和纯PODE压燃2种模式下的NOx排放量均有所增加,PODE/甲醇双燃料模式的NO2与NOx的质量比(m(NO2)/m(NOx))明显降低,而纯PODE压燃模式的m(NO2)/m(NOx)升高。PODE/甲醇双燃料和纯PODE压燃2种模式下,当NH3与NOx的摩尔比(n(NH3)/n(NOx))为1.2时,SCR催化转化器对NOx的转化效率达到最高(57.3%),进一步增加尿素喷射量会导致NH3排放量明显提高。 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(42):18496-18503
Methanol crossover is one of the main challenges for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Depositing a metal barrier on Nafion can reduce the crossover but usually faces the metal cracking issues. This study presents a new composite membrane in which an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) substrate is impregnated with a Nafion solution and then coated with a layer of Au. The AAO/Nafion/Au composite membrane shows an ideal metal crack-free surface. Higher and more stable voltage has been achieved for the cell with the membrane, indicating an effectively suppressed methanol-crossover. Results reveal that there is a tradeoff between suppressing the methanol crossover and increasing the ion transmission. By optimizing the membrane, it can not only suppress the methanol crossover but also enhance the output performance of DMFCs. The current density and power density of the cells can be enhanced by 59% and 52.85%, respectively, compared to the cell with a commercial Nafion 117. Overall, this work provides a new approach to designing crack-free membranes for DMFCs. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(65):28152-28164
The combustion characteristics of ammonia/methanol mixtures were investigated numerically in this study. Methanol has a dramatic promotive effect on the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of ammonia. Three mechanisms from literature and another four self-developed mechanisms constructed in this study were evaluated using the measured laminar burning velocities of ammonia/methanol mixtures from Wang et al. (Combust.Flame. 2021). Generally, none of the selected mechanisms can precisely predict the measured laminar burning velocities at all conditions. Aiming to develop a simplified and reliable mechanism for ammonia/methanol mixtures, the constructed mechanism utilized NUI Galway mechanism (Combust.Flame. 2016) as methanol sub-mechanism and the Otomo mechanism (Int. J. Hydrogen. Energy. 2018) as ammonia sub-mechanism was optimized and reduced. The reduced mechanism entitled ‘DNO-NH3’, can accurately reproduce the measured laminar burning velocities of ammonia/methanol mixtures under all conditions. A reaction path analysis of the ammonia/methanol mixtures based on the DNO-NH3 mechanism shows that methanol is not directly involved in ammonia oxidation, instead, the produced methyl radicals from methanol oxidization contribute to the dehydrogenation of ammonia. Besides, NOx emission analysis demonstrates that 60% methanol addition results in the highest NOx emissions. The most important reactions dominating the NOx consumption and production are identified in this study. 相似文献
4.
为了提高Cu/ZrO2催化剂在二氧化碳加氢制甲醇中的催化活性,制备了一系列不同Si/Zr的Si-ZrO2载体并负载5%(质量分数)Cu得到了Cu/Si-ZrO2催化剂。对所制备的催化剂进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)及高分辨透射电子显微镜 (HRTEM) 的表征。结果表明,Si的掺杂使得Cu/ZrO2体系获得了稳定的晶相,大的比表面积和更多的碱性位点,尤其是中强碱性位点,同时产生了更多的氧空位,促进了CO2的吸附和转化,因此得到了更高活性的催化剂。当Si与Zr的摩尔比为0.2时,在质量空速为6000 ml·g-1·h-1,温度为220℃、压力为3.0 MPa,V(H2)∶V(CO2)=3∶1(体积比)条件下,催化剂的CO2转化率为4.6%,CH3OH选择性为85%。 相似文献
5.
对甲醇制烯烃(MTO)过程失活催化剂采用水蒸气再生不仅可以减少二氧化碳排放,而且能提高低碳烯烃选择性,具有很好的应用前景。本文针对工业MTO过程使用的SAPO-34分子筛催化剂,研究了再生时间对水蒸气再生过程的影响。采用XRD、NH3-TPD、TGA、FTIR、GC-MS以及N2物理吸脱附表征手段对再生催化剂样品的晶体结构、酸性、残炭性质以及结构参数进行了表征,并考察再生催化剂的MTO反应性能。结果表明,再生时间越长,再生催化剂上残炭量越低,其酸性、比表面积和孔结构等能较好地恢复,在MTO反应中表现出更长的催化寿命。在再生过程中,催化剂上的残炭物种由芘、菲等大分子量的有机物转变为对MTO具有反应活性的萘等小分子有机物;但是可溶性残炭物种随着再生时间的延长而减少,从而使得初始低碳烯烃选择性有所降低。 相似文献
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针对某公司180万t/a(以甲醇进料计)甲醇制烯烃(MTO)装置运行中能耗高的问题,用Aspen Plus软件对该装置的脱甲烷塔(T 202)和丙烯回收单元进行了模拟和灵敏度分析,确定了简单可行的优化改造方案。结果表明:T 202、丙烯回收单元精馏塔(T 205)的灵敏板分别为第9,第85块塔板,其灵敏板的运行参数与相应产品控制组分变化呈现一一对应关系,均可反映并指导相应塔釜及其产品质量的操控;用流经冷却器(E 201)的碳四洗液加热T 202的进料至0 ℃,不仅可使其乙烯产品满足质量分数不小于99.95%的质量控制要求,而且可降低再沸器和冷凝器的能耗,节省丙烯冷却剂费用402.6万元/a;当T 205和T 206丙烯回收单元两精馏塔的操控压力分别降至1.674,1.600 MPa时,不仅T 206的回流比可降为12.3,并可将T 205塔底丙烷产品中含丙烯质量分数降至0.2%,减少丙烯损失量约为70 kg/h,同时相应减少冷凝器循环水、再沸器急冷水的消耗量分别为62.9,18.9 t/h。 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(52):22114-22146
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), among the most suited and prospective alternatives for portable electronics, have lately been treated with nanotechnology. DMFCs may be able to remedy the energy security issue by having low operating temperatures, high conversion efficiencies, and minimal emission levels. Though, slow reaction kinetics are a significant restriction of DMFC, lowering efficiency and energy output. Nowadays, research is more focused on fundamental studies that are studying the factors that can improve the capacity and activity of catalysts. In DMFC, among the most widely explored catalysts are platinum and ruthenium which are enhanced in nature by the presence of supporting materials such as nanocarbons and metal oxides. As a result, this research sheds light on nanocatalyst development for DMFCs based on Platinum noble metal. To summarize, this research focuses on the structure of nanocatalysts, as well as support materials for nanocatalysts that can be 3D, 2D, 1D, or 0D. The support material described is made up of CNT, CNF, and CNW, which are the most extensively used because they improve the performance of catalysts in DMFCs. In addition, cost estimations for fuel cell technology are emphasized to show the technology's status and requirements. Finally, challenges to nanocatalyst development have been recognized, as well as future prospects, as recommendations for more innovative future research. 相似文献