滇西北地区四种羊肚菌营养成分分析比较

测定分析了滇西北地区的黑脉羊肚菌(Morchella angusticeps Peck)、羊肚菌(Morehella esculenta(L.)Pers)、尖顶羊肚菌(Morchella conica Fr.)、褐赭色羊肚菌(Morchella umbrina Bound.)四种羊肚菌的主要营养成分、矿质元素和氨基酸等,结果表明:四种不同品种的羊肚菌中常量营养成分差别不大,均含有丰富的蛋白质、纤维素和矿质元素,脂肪含量很低。羊肚菌蛋白质氨基酸构成较好,属于优质蛋白。     

环境和生长阶段对羊肚菌氨基酸的呈味影响

采用氨基酸自动分析仪进行羊肚菌游离氨基酸的测定,通过味道强度值(Taste Activity Value,TAV)分析人工培育羊肚菌与野生羊肚菌游离氨基酸的呈味差异及不同生长阶段呈味特性。结果表明:羊肚菌中含量最高的氨基酸为谷氨酸,不同产地羊肚菌游离氨基酸差异不显著。人工培育羊肚菌与野生羊肚菌相比,缺少天冬氨酸、多出苦味氨基酸赖氨酸的呈味作用,鲜味氨基酸味道强度值小于野生羊肚菌。谷氨酸、丙氨酸、组氨酸分别是鲜味、甜味和苦味氨基酸中TAV最高的氨基酸。羊肚菌游离氨基酸随生长阶段含量增加,生长初期、中期和后期分别为7.31、12.16、18.88mg/g,对滋味有直接贡献的氨基酸种类分别为4、5、6种,从生长中期开始,缬氨酸、赖氨酸出现呈味作用,苦味氨基酸呈味增强。呈味氨基酸TAV均随生长发育而增高。     

True morels (Morchella)—nutritional and phytochemical composition,health benefits and flavor: A review

Morels are edible mushrooms appreciated worldwide for their savory flavor. Morels have been in use in traditional medicine for centuries, due to their health-related benefits, and current research demonstrated their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities, in addition to immunostimulatory and anti-tumor properties. In spite of the high demand for morels and their increasing economic importance, their cultivation is limited, and they are either used as wild harvested or fermented in culture, for consumption as a functional food and for food-flavoring. Morel's health benefits were attributed mainly to polysaccharides as the active compounds, and to various phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and vitamin D. Morel's nutritional composition was reported, including sugar, amino acid, fatty and organic acid and mineral profile. Information regarding Morel's flavor is limited, and while some of their taste attributes have been described, including the role of umami taste, details about their volatile aroma profile are scarce, and it was reported to include eight carbon volatiles, the main aroma volatiles typical to most mushrooms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review presenting morels' nutritional and phytochemical composition, health benefits and flavor, and we will review the available information in current literature regarding these aspects in light of morels phenotypic plasticity.     

广西澳洲坚果果实品质分析与综合评价

为探明广西澳洲坚果果实主要品质特征,建立果实经济性状综合评价方法。对14?个广西主产地澳洲坚果果实优果判别指标以及果仁脂肪酸、氨基酸、矿质元素组成与含量等品质指标进行测定,运用因子分析、聚类分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析对其品质进行综合评价。结果表明：广西不同产地澳洲坚果果实品质存在明显差异,42.9%的果园好果率低于97%,需要加强果园管理工作。广西澳洲坚果果仁中不饱和脂肪以油酸、棕榈油酸为主,水解氨基酸以药效氨基酸为主,磷、钙含量相对其他矿物质元素含量较多。系统聚类分析显示广西澳洲坚果可以分为3?类,好果率、脂肪、蛋白质、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、油酸、亚麻酸、二十碳三烯酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、磷22?个指标是不同产地澳洲坚果样品间的差异指标。利用因子分析法建立澳洲坚果经济性状评价模型,逐步回归分析验证模型具有非常高的预测准确性;第3类（12、14号）品质相对最优,第1类（1、2、3、6、7、8、9、10、11、13号）次之,第2类（4、5号）再次之。该研究为准确了解广西澳洲坚果果实品质、品质评价标准建立及品质调控提供参考和依据。     

氨基酸自动分析仪法测定云南新鲜羊肚菌中16种氨基酸的含量

目的 建立氨基酸自动分析仪法测定和分析云南新鲜羊肚菌中16种氨基酸含量的方法。方法 样品匀浆后采用酸水解处理, 使用氨基酸自动分析仪法测定样品中的氨基酸含量。通过计算氨基酸总含量, 必需氨基酸比值, 呈鲜味氨基酸比值等对云南羊肚菌中的氨基酸进行分析。结果 16种氨基酸在10~150 nmol/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数为0.9988~0.9999, 检出限为1.0~2.5 mg/100 g, 定量限为3.0~7.5 mg/100 g, 16种氨基酸的加标回收率为88.2%~105.2%, 相对标准偏差为3.95%~11.67%。云南新鲜羊肚菌中均含所测16种氨基酸, 平均含量为3.298 g/100 g, 必需氨基酸占总氨基酸总量的35.8%~38.0%。其中谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是含量最高, 占到氨基酸总量的21.8%~24.4%。结论 氨基酸自动分析仪法测定羊肚菌中氨基酸具有重现性好、结果可靠的优点; 云南羊肚菌中氨基酸含量丰富, 各州市间样品间氨基酸含量相对稳定。