新型导电填料——纳米石墨微片

经过超声波粉碎,可将膨胀石墨制备成一种新型导电填料——纳米石墨微片。它的厚度为纳米,直径在微米范围,具有很大的形状比。将纳米石墨微片分散于聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、尼龙等聚合物基体中制备导电复合材料,其渗滤阀值远低于一般的导电填料复合体系。纳米石墨微片有望在导电材料、电磁屏蔽材料、电加热材料等领域得到应用。  

炭系导电涂料的研究进展

综述了炭系导电涂料的导电机理,以石墨、炭黑为导电填料,以醇酸树脂、丙烯酸树脂及氯醚树脂为基料的炭系导电涂料的研究进展,并介绍了新型纳米石墨微片填料及其应用研究进展。  

取向性羟基磷灰石纳米片的合成与分析

采用机械球磨法,以乙醇做球磨介质,成功合成具有结晶取向性的羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)纳米片。采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜和透射电镜等表征方法对HA纳米片的结构进行了分析。结果表明:HA纳米片晶体为单晶结构,其宽度在200～400nm,厚度为50nm。球磨过程中,乙醇分子通过氢键作用,较易在HA晶体的(001)面上发生吸附并延缓该方向的生长,使(001)面成为显露面,最终得到沿(001)面定向排列的片状HA纳米晶。  

Graphene nanosheets as electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors

Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with narrow mesopore distribution around 4 nm were mass-produced from natural graphite via the oxidation and rapid heating processes. The effects of oxidant addition on the morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of GNSs as electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) were systematically investigated. The electrochemical properties of EDLC were influenced by the specific surface area, pore characteristics, layer stacking and oxygen-containing functional group contents of electrode materials. Deeper oxidation makes graphite possess both higher specific surface area and more graphene edges, which are favorable for the enhancement of capacitive performance of EDLC. The electrodes with freestanding graphene nanosheets prepared by coating method exhibited good rate capability and reversibility at high scan rates (to 250 mV s⁻¹) in electrochemical performances. GNS electrode with specific surface area of 524 m² g⁻¹ maintained a stable specific capacitance of 150 F g⁻¹ under specific current of 0.1 A g⁻¹ for 500 cycles of charge/discharge.  

水热法制备片状纳米氧化镍及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备片状纳米NiO,用XRD和TEM对样品的晶型及颗粒形貌进行了表征。以蒽醌染料KN-R为对象,紫外灯为光源,研究了催化剂热处理温度、催化剂用量、光照时间、染料的初始浓度等因素对染料脱色率的影响,以及催化剂的重复利用效果。结果表明：NiO催化剂能显著降解蒽醌染料KN-R,且能重复利用,在未曝气供氧时,NiO的催化活性优于p-25 TiO2。  

Optimization of preparation conditions of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/graphene oxide microfiltration membranes by the Taguchi experimental design

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene oxide (GO) microfiltration membranes were prepared via phase inversion process. The Taguchi experiments were designed to optimize the preparation conditions of composite membranes. PVDF content, solution type, GO content, and poly-(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) content were chosen as important effecting parameters. Membrane filtration resistance was optimized by calculating the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the parameters. The group of PVDF = 12 wt.%, solution type = N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), GO = 3 wt.%, and PVP = 5 wt.% was the optimal combination, and solution type was the most effective factor. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that all membranes had thicker finger-like substructures. To further investigate the influence of GO on antifouling and mechanical properties, the pure PVDF and PVDF/GO composite membranes (3.0 wt.%) were prepared according to the optimum conditions. The PVDF/GO composite membranes presented better antifouling performances due to the improvement of membrane hydrophilicity. The tensile strength and Young's modulus reached values of 10.33 and 148.47 MPa, which corresponded to a 55.11% and 67.14% increase, respectively.  

Highly flexible supercapacitors with manganese oxide nanosheet/carbon cloth electrode

We report a simple and cost-effective synthesis of hierarchically porous structure composed of Birnessite-type manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanosheets on flexible carbon cloth (CC) via anodic electrodeposition technique. Petal-shaped MnO₂, having sheet thickness of a few nm and typical width of 100 nm, with a strong adhesion on CC is observed. This hierarchically porous MnO₂–CC hybrid structure dose exhibit not only excellent capacitance properties, such as up to 425 F g⁻¹ in specific capacitance, but also high crack resistance owing to its efficient release of bending stress, as observed by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements under different curvature of bending configurations. Furthermore, flexible supercapacitors based on this kind of MnO₂ nanosheet/CC electrode showed significantly improved stability in capacitive performance over 3000 cycles under the bending test, which is highly promising for future applications in flexible energy storage device.  

In-situ synthesis and characterization of electrically conductive polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposites

Polypyrrole (PPy)/graphene (GR) nanocomposites were successfully prepared via in-situ polymerization of graphite oxide (GO) and pyrrole monomer followed by chemical reduction using hydrazine monohydrate. The large surface area and high aspect ratio of the in-situ generated graphene played an important role in justifying the noticeable improvements in electrical conductivity of the prepared composites via chemical reduction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed the removal of oxygen functionality from the GO surface after reduction and the bonding structure of the reduced composites were further determined from FTIR and Raman spectroscopic analysis. For PPy/GR composite, intensity ratio between D band and G band was high (∼1.17), indicating an increased number of c-sp² domains that were formed during the reduction process. A reasonable improvement in thermal stability of the reduced composite was also observed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated the dispersion of the graphene nanosheets within the PPy matrix.  

熔盐辅助固相反应合成NiO纳米片

通过聚乙二醇表面活性剂辅助低热固相反应首先制备了薄片状Ni(OH)2前驱体,再将所得前驱体置于马弗炉中于KNO3熔盐存在的条件下,600℃热分解5 h得到NiO纳米片。进一步借助X-射线衍射测试和透射电镜测试对所制备的纳米材料的晶型和形貌大小进行了表征。X-射线衍射测试结果证实了所得样品分别为单一的立方相NiO。透射电镜测试结果表明,所得NiO为片状结构,且大部分呈不规则六边形结构,相邻两边夹角约为120°。NiO纳米片的平均粒径约60 nm。  

熔融挤出制备HDPE/纳米石墨薄片导电塑料研究

采用苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚(AS)树脂对纳米石墨薄片(GN)进行包裹改性,制备成GN母料,并将它与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)树脂进行混合挤出,制备了HDPE/GN复合材料,其渗滤阀值质量含量为14%。讨论分析了复合体系在加工过程中导电性能及其变化特征,研究了所制备的复合材料力学性能与石墨含量的关系。