光敏剂在光动力治疗中的应用研究进展

光动力疗法（PDT）以其超高时空分辨率、非侵入性及低毒副作用的优点，被认为是治疗癌症和各种非恶性疾病的有效疗法之一。本文主要综述了几类光敏剂发展历史、主要结构、特点及研究进展，分析了高性能光敏剂的开发动态，包括化学修饰；与具有特定细胞受体的其他配体缀合成复合光敏剂；采取纳米技术，如纳米颗粒输送，基于富勒烯的光敏剂等。基于此，指出具有临床应用前景的高性能光敏剂的基本特征、设计原则及发展趋势。     

Potential Applications of Cucurbit[n]urils Inclusion Complexes in Photodynamic Therapy

Cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n]s) have emerged as potential candidates for drug delivery in several areas due to their strong binding interactions and low toxicity. More recently, their benefits for a type of cancer treatment termed Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) have been recognized. The outcomes of this therapy rely on better drug delivery strategies and improving overall photoactivity of the drugs, which is where CB[n]s could have a strong impact. The effects of these molecular containers on photoactivity are discussed and new interesting work is highlighted.     

有机激发三重态参与的光化学反应研究进展

光化学反应包括直接光解和间接氧化反应，其中间接氧化反应主要通过活性氧化性物种（reactive oxygen species, ROS）包括单线态氧（¹O₂）、过氧自由基（{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}）和羟基自由基（·OH）等进行。近年来，有机激发三重态（³C^*）作为一种特殊的氧化剂参与光化学反应引起了广泛关注。本文主要综述了有机三重态光敏剂的形成和光化学反应机制、³C^*参与的环境光化学反应、³C^*自由基寿命、反应速率及稳态浓度测定和激发三重态的应用5个方面，并对未来有机分子激发三重态的研究方向进行了展望，指出³C^*是很多挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）或半/中等挥发性有机化合物（S/IVOCs）在大气中重要的汇，自然水体中溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter，DOM）的激发三重态（³DOM^*）是污染物降解的主要氧化剂。今后应扩大³C^*与有机物反应的研究范畴，测定不同体系中³C^*的稳态浓度、产生速率（量子产率）等，为污染物治理提供理论依据。     

In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of Photosan-loaded hollow silica nanoparticles on liver cancer

This study aimed to compare the inhibitory effects of photosensitizers loaded in hollow silica nanoparticles and conventional photosensitizers on HepG2 human hepatoma cell proliferation and determine the underlying mechanisms. Photosensitizers (conventional Photosan-II or nanoscale Photosan-II) were administered to in vitro cultured HepG2 hepatoma cells and treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with various levels of light exposure. To assess photosensitizers'' effects, cell viability was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In addition, apoptotic and necrotic cells were measured by flow cytometry and the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 evaluated by western blot. Finally, the in vivo effects of nanoscale and conventional photosensitizers on liver cancer were assessed in nude mice. Nanoscale Photosan-II significantly inhibited hepatoma cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and this effect was more pronounced with high laser doses. Moreover, nanoscale photosensitizers performed better than the conventional ones under the same experimental conditions (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry data demonstrated that laser-induced cell death was markedly increased after treatment with nanoscale Photosan-II in comparison with free Photosan-II (p < 0.05). Activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels were significantly higher in cells treated with Photosan-II loaded in silica nanoparticles than free Photosan-II (p < 0.05). Accordingly, treatment with nanoscale photosensitizers resulted in improved outcomes (tumor volume) in a mouse model of liver cancer, in comparison with conventional photosensitizers. Hollow silica nanoparticles containing photosensitizer more efficiently inhibited hepatoma cells than photosensitizer alone, through induction of apoptosis, both in vivo and in vitro.     

Regulated Necrosis in HeLa Cells Induced by ZnPc Photodynamic Treatment: A New Nuclear Morphology

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality based on the administration of a photosensitizer (PS), which accumulates preferentially in tumor cells. Subsequent irradiation of the neoplastic area triggers a cascade of photochemical reactions that leads to the formation of highly reactive oxygen species responsible for cell inactivation. Photodynamic treatments in vitro are performed with the PS, zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The PS is near the plasma membrane during uptake and internalization. Inactivation clearly occurs by a necrotic process, manifested by nuclear pyknosis, negative TUNEL and Annexin V assays and non-relocation of cytochrome c. In contrast, by increasing the incubation time, ZnPc is accumulated in the Golgi apparatus and produces cell inactivation with characteristics of apoptosis and necrosis: TUNEL positive, relocated cytochrome c and negative Annexin V assay. This type of death produces a still undescribed granulated nuclear morphology, which is different from that of necrosis or apoptosis. This morphology is inhibited by necrostatin-1, a specific inhibitor of regulated necrosis.     

New Peptide-Conjugated Chlorin-Type Photosensitizer Targeting Neuropilin-1 for Anti-Vascular Targeted Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality that requires three components, namely light, dioxygen and a photosensitizing agent. After light excitation, the photosensitizer (PS) in its excited state transfers its energy to oxygen, which leads to photooxidation reactions. In order to improve the selectivity of the treatment, research has focused on the design of PS covalently attached to a tumor-targeting moiety. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and the physico-chemical and photophysical properties of six new peptide-conjugated photosensitizers designed for targeting the neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) receptor. We chose a TPC (5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15, 20-triphenyl chlorine as photosensitizer, coupled via three different spacers (aminohexanoic acid, 1-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid, and 1-amino-9-aza-3,6,12,15-tetraoxa-10-on-heptadecanoic acid) to two different peptides (DKPPR and TKPRR). The affinity towards the NRP-1 receptor of the conjugated chlorins was evaluated along with in vitro and in vivo stability levels. The tissue concentration of the TPC-conjugates in animal model shows good distribution, especially for the DKPPR conjugates. The novel peptide–PS conjugates proposed in this study were proven to have potential to be further developed as future NRP-1 targeting photodynamic therapy agent.     

鎓盐类阳离子光引发剂的研究进展

介绍了几种有代表性的鎓盐类阳离子光引发剂--芳基重氮盐、芳基翰盐和二烷基苯甲酰硫盐的研究进展情况,探讨了各引发剂的光解机理和优缺点,并提出了增强鎓盐光敏性的方法和相关机理,介绍了有代表性的3类光敏剂以及近年来研制的一些新型光敏剂,概述了大分子鎓盐引发剂的研究情况,最后简要说明了鎓盐阳离子引发刺的发展趋势及应用.     

Adjunctive Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Review of Literature

Periodontal disease is caused by dental plaque biofilms, and the removal of these biofilms from the root surface of teeth plays a central part in its treatment. The conventional treatment for periodontal disease fails to remove periodontal infection in a subset of cases, such as those with complicated root morphology. Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an additional treatment for this infectious disease. Many periodontal pathogenic bacteria are susceptible to low-power lasers in the presence of dyes, such as methylene blue, toluidine blue O, malachite green, and indocyanine green. aPDT uses these light-activated photosensitizer that is incorporated selectively by bacteria and absorbs a low-power laser/light with an appropriate wavelength to induce singlet oxygen and free radicals, which are toxic to bacteria. While this technique has been evaluated by many clinical studies, some systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported controversial results about the benefits of aPDT for periodontal treatment. In the light of these previous reports, the aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information about aPDT and help extend knowledge of advanced laser therapy.     

铈作为环境材料的研究及应用

对Ce作为环境工程材料、环境降解材料、能源材料在脱硫、脱硝、汽车尾气净化、光催化、石油化工、塑料、燃料电池等环境保护领域的利用和发展现状进行了综述.     

9,10-二氰蒽合成方法的改进

以蒽为原料,经溴化和氰化两步合成了光敏剂9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)。从反应溶剂的选择及提纯方法等方面改进了DCA的合成方法,提高了溴化和氰化反应的收率。结果表明,溴化反应时,控制溴的滴加温度为30℃,收率可达95%;合成DCA时,采用连续抽提法提纯,以DMSO为溶剂,反应中生成的无机盐完全溶解,粗产物不经抽提DCA收率可达74%～75%;而选用N-甲基吡咯烷酮为溶剂,DCA可与溴化铜形成配合物CuBr_2·DCA·CuBr_2,此配合物加热易分解,DCA收率达到93%。