Comparison between fluctuation of floating potential gradient and velocity of blob structure on HL-2A tokamak

Several results based on the Langmuir probes' data on the HL-2A tokamak are presented. The blob structures' radial and poloidal drift velocities, estimated by the gradient of floating potential and by time delay evaluation, are compared in different line-averaged density and electron cyclotron resonance heating conditions. A positive correlation is observed in the comparison between blobs' radial velocity estimated by the two methods mentioned above, regardless of the situation differences mentioned above. Correlation is also observed in the comparison between the blobs' poloidal velocity estimated by the two methods in different situations, while a shift due to the different line-averaged density is observed. These results imply that the radial gradient of floating potential may have some value as a reference during data analysis in low-parameter discharge.     

Labeling and Characterization of Phenol-Containing Glycopeptides Using Chemoselective Probes with Isotope Tags

Secondary metabolites are structurally diverse natural products (NPs) and have been widely used for medical applications. Developing new tools to enrich NPs can be a promising solution to isolate novel NPs from the native and complex samples. Here, we developed native and deuterated chemoselective labeling probes to target phenol-containing glycopeptides by the ene-type labeling used in proteomic research. The clickable azido-linker was included for further biotin functionalization to facilitate the enrichment of labeled substrates. Afterward, our chemoselective method, in conjunction with LC-MS and MSn analysis, was demonstrated in bacterial cultures. A vancomycin-related phenol-containing glycopeptide was labeled and characterized by our labeling strategy, showing its potential in glycopeptide discovery in complex environments.     

Experimental phase equilibria study and thermodynamic modelling of the PbO-“FeO”-SiO2-ZnO,PbO-“FeO”-SiO2-Al2O3 and PbO-“FeO”-SiO2-MgO systems in equilibrium with metallic Pb and Fe

Phase equilibria of the PbO-“FeO”-SiO₂-ZnO, PbO-“FeO”-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ and PbO-“FeO”-SiO₂-MgO slags with liquid Pb metal, solid or liquid Fe metal and solid oxides (cristobalite and tridymite SiO₂, willemite (Zn,Fe)₂SiO₄, wustite (Fe,Al)O_1+x, spinel (Fe,Al)₃O₄, olivine Fe₂SiO₄, corundum (Al,Fe)₂O₃, mullite Al₆Si₂O₁₃ and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO₃) were investigated at 1125–1670 °C. These conditions correspond to the minimum solubility of PbO in slag in presence of Pb and Fe metals at reducing conditions and represent the limit of lead smelting and slag cleaning process. High-temperature equilibration on silica, corundum or iron foil substrates, followed by quenching and direct measurement of Pb, Fe, Si, Zn, Al and Mg concentrations in the liquid and solid phases with the electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) was used. Present data can be used to improve the thermodynamic models for all phases in this system.     

Efficient atom localization via probe absorption in an inverted-Y atomic system

The behaviour of atom localization in an inverted-Y atomic system is theoretically investigated. For the atoms interacting with a weak probe field and several orthogonal standing-wave fields, their position information can be obtained by measuring the probe absorption. Compared with the traditional scheme, we couple the probe field to the transition between the middle and top levels. It is found that the probe absorption sensitively depends on the detuning and strength of the relevant light fields. Remarkably, the atom can be localized at a particular position in the standing-wave fields by coupling a microwave field to the transition between the two ground levels.     

Scanning Probe Lithography Patterning of Monolayer Semiconductors and Application in Quantifying Edge Recombination

Scanning probe lithography is used to directly pattern monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) without the use of a sacrificial resist. Using an atomic‐force microscope, a negatively biased tip is brought close to the TMD surface. By inducing a water bridge between the tip and the TMD surface, controllable oxidation is achieved at the sub‐100 nm resolution. The oxidized flake is then submerged into water for selective oxide removal which leads to controllable patterning. In addition, by changing the oxidation time, thickness tunable patterning of multilayer TMDs is demonstrated. This resist‐less process results in exposed edges, overcoming a barrier in traditional resist‐based lithography and dry etch where polymeric byproduct layers are often formed at the edges. By patterning monolayers into geometric patterns of different dimensions and measuring the effective carrier lifetime, the non‐radiative recombination velocity due to edge defects is extracted. Using this patterning technique, it is shown that selenide TMDs exhibit lower edge recombination velocity as compared to sulfide TMDs. The utility of scanning probe lithography towards understanding material‐dependent edge recombination losses without significantly normalizing edge behaviors due to heavy defect generation, while allowing for eventual exploration of edge passivation schemes is highlighted, which is of profound interest for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics.     

Enhanced Sensitivity in Nanopore Sensing of Cancer Biomarkers in Human Blood via Click Chemistry

Cancer biomarkers are expected to be indicative of the occurrence of certain cancer diseases before the tumors form and metastasize. However, many biomarkers can only be acquired in extremely low concentrations, which are often beyond the limit of detection (LOD) of current instruments and technologies. A practical strategy for nanopore sensing of cancer biomarkers in raw human blood down to the femtomolar level is developed here. This strategy first converts the detection of cancer biomarkers to the quantification of copper ions by conducting a sandwich assay involving copper oxide nanoparticles. The released Cu²⁺ is then taken to catalyze the “click” reaction which ligates a host–guest modified DNA probe. Finally, this DNA probe is subjected to single‐channel recordings to afford the translocation events that can be used to derive the concentrations of the original biomarkers. Due to the amplification effects of nanoparticle loadings and the “click” reaction, the LOD of this strategy can be as low as the subfemtomolar level. Further, the acid treatment step could effectively eliminate the interferences from plasma proteins in raw human blood and make the strategy highly suitable for the detection of cancer biomarkers in clinical samples.     

Smart optical measurement probe for autonomously detecting nano-defects on bare semiconductor wafer surface: Verification of proposed concept

We propose a new method of inspecting a surface for fine defects that combines the optical inspection method with observation of the physical behavior of a liquid. A liquid thin film on a substrate behaves as a near-field physical probe that autonomously captures nano-particulate defects. Optical observation of the interfacial behavior of the liquid thin film is used to detect minute defects. This method combines the characteristics of optical detection (i.e., detection from a remote field and simultaneous detectability on a plane) and the high sensitivity of a physical near-field probe. We examined the basic principles of the proposed method through numerical calculation and applied it in experiments to detect fine particulate defects on a silicon substrate for semiconductor manufacturing to demonstrate the validity of the basic concept of the proposed method.     

螺旋直径对螺旋管泡状流截面分布特性的影响

研究了不同螺旋直径螺旋管中泡状流的相界面参数（空泡份额、相界面浓度、气泡尺寸等）的截面分布特性。通过图像法标定了电导探针的测试精度，并通过合理地处理双头电导探针，得到了螺旋管中泡状流的空泡份额、相界面浓度和气泡数量频率的定量分布云图。为进一步量化地描述相界面参数的分布特征，采用统计方法定义了截面平均参数、相界面离散系数和气泡平均聚集坐标来表征其特性。实验结果表明，随着管道旋转直径的增大，气泡截面平均空泡份额有所下降，分布范围缩小，平均聚集坐标向上方和外侧移动，气泡尺寸整体上有所下降。     

纤维素纳米晶荧光探针的制备及其对Fe3+荧光传感检测

将纤维素纳米晶（CNC）与N-（4-氨基苯基）-4-（N，N-二甲基乙二胺基）-1，8-萘酰亚胺（EADANI）进行共价键结合，制备得到纤维素纳米晶荧光探针（FCNC），并应用于Fe³⁺的荧光传感检测。结果表明，由于表面羧基和羟基的存在，FCNC具有较好的水分散性，在水溶液中呈现良好的黄色荧光发射性能；Fe³⁺对FCNC具有荧光增强效果，荧光增强因子达9.5，同时在竞争性离子存在情况下，FCNC表现出良好的选择性。     

A novel approach based on artificial neural network for calibration of multi-hole pressure probes

Imperfections in the manufacturing process of flow measuring probes affect their measuring behavior. Nevertheless, in order to provide the highest possible accuracy, each individual multi-hole pressure probe has to be calibrated before using them in turbomachinery. This paper presents a novel method based on artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the flow parameters of multi-hole pressure probes. A two-stage ANN approach using multilayer perceptron (MLP) is proposed in this study. The two-stage prediction approach involves two MLP networks, which represent the calibration data and the prediction error. For a given set of inputs, outputs from both networks are combined to estimate the measured value. The calibration data of a 5-hole probe at RWTH Aachen was used to develop and validate the proposed ANN models and two-stage prediction approach. The results showed that the ANN can predict the flow parameters with high accuracy. Using the two-stage approach, the prediction accuracy was further improved compared to polynomial functions, i.e. a commonly used method in probe calibration. Furthermore, the proposed approach offers high interpolation capabilities while preventing overfitting (i.e. failure to fit new data). Unlike polynomials, it is shown that the ANN based method can provide accurate predictions at intermediate points without large oscillations.