Understanding δ-Bi2O3 fluorite degradation mechanism and related solutions for promising applications in distributed multigeneration

Oxygen selective membrane on the base of cermet δ-Bi₂O₃/Ag with an interpenetrating structure has the maximum potential efficiency of air separation. However, the degradation processes, including the phase degradation of fluorite δ-Bi₂O₃, do not make it possible to create a membrane with the required perfection and durability. In this work, the ordering of oxygen vacancies with the transformation of fluorite into the rhombohedral phase (S.G. R-3) was studied by powder HT XRD in situ at 600 °C on dense Bi_0.78Er_0.2Hf_0.02O_1.51 ceramics. Fast regeneration of disordered fluorite occurs at T = 640–700 °C. The phase degradation of fluorite due to the segregation of dopants at the second stage leads into stable phases - sillenite, tetragonal or rhombohedral phase (S.G. R-3m), depending on the composition of δ-Bi₂O₃. Fast regeneration of fluorite occurs when heated to 820 °C, which is unacceptable for membranes. Analysis of all available data allows us to propose approaches to optimize the composition of δ-Bi₂O₃ and technical solutions for creating durable oxygen selective membranes with promising use in distributed multigeneration. As a result of the analysis, a new solid electrolyte with better parameters was obtained.     

退火工艺对激光选区熔化成形Ti6Al4V合金组织及室温力学性能的影响

以Ti6Al4V球形粉末为原料,利用激光选区熔化成形方法制备了Ti6Al4V合金试样,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及力学性能测试等手段,研究了退火工艺对Ti6Al4V合金室温力学性能及组织的影响规律。结果表明: SLM成形沉积态Ti6Al4V合金室温抗拉强度超过1200 MPa,而平均断后伸长率仅为4.0%;在650 ℃下进行真空退火处理,合金的抗拉强度仍保持在1200 MPa左右,规定塑性延伸强度R_p0.2高于1150 MPa,但试样的断后伸长率<10%;而在750及800 ℃下进行真空退火处理,合金试样的抗拉强度降至1100 MPa左右,规定塑性延伸强度高于1050 MPa,伸长率达到甚至超过10%,材料的综合强韧性得到明显提升。随着真空退火加热温度和保温时间的增加,SLM成形Ti6Al4V合金原始β晶界逐渐变模糊,晶粒趋向于等轴化。与此同时,快速冷却转变的α′针状马氏体未出现明显地粗化。     

费-托合成油加氢脱氧催化剂研究

费-托合成油中存在少量的含氧化合物，会影响烯烃聚合制备聚α-烯烃（PAO）的收率和产物选择性。将费-托合成油中的含氧化合物（主要为醛、酮类）选择性加氢生成相应的醇，然后通过醇与金属钠反应生成醇钠，再通过蒸馏脱除醇钠，达到脱除含氧化合物的目的。分别将Cu，Cu-Zn，Cu-K，Cu-Ni，Pt负载在α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3上制备催化剂，考察催化剂对费-托合成模拟油的加氢脱氧反应性能，并对催化剂进行表征。结果表明：费-托合成油中主要组分为烯烃和烷烃，少量含氧化合物主要为酮和醛；通过加氢可以将费-托合成油中的含氧化合物转化为醇，但对烯烃有饱和作用，以α-Al2O3为载体的催化剂的选择性优于以γ-Al2O3为载体的催化剂；Cu-Zn/α-Al2O3催化剂效果最好，在温度为180 ℃、压力为1 MPa、体积空速为2 h-1、氢油体积比为50的条件下进行模拟油的加氢试验，烯烃损失12%，醛加氢转化率达到95.3%，没有发现醇加氢生成烃类的反应发生。     

基于PEMS测量的SSCR系统整车道路排放测试研究

基于车载排放测试系统进行SSCR系统国Ⅴ重型柴油车实际道路排放测试研究。SSCR后处理系统使用前后整车NO_x排放特征的比较显示:对比原NO_x排放,在市区工况下,SSCR系统可降低61.3%的NO_x排放,在高速工况下可以降低85.3%的NO_x排放。测试研究表明:安装有SS-CR系统的国Ⅴ重型柴油车在实际道路工况下NO_x排放符合国ⅤPEMS标准(送审稿)。     

Ti改性催化裂化汽油选择加氢催化剂的研究

以氢氧化铝干胶和偏钛酸为主要原料制备了Al2O3-TiO2载体，采用等体积浸渍法制备出一系列不同TiO2含量及不同配体改性的CoMo/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂；采用BET，XRD，TPR，HRTEM等方法对所制备的催化剂进行了表征，在10 mL固定床评价装置上对所制备的两个系列催化剂进行了FCC汽油选择加氢脱硫活性评价。结果表明，载体中TiO2的质量分数为10%、浸渍液中添加乙二醇和磷酸改性的催化剂具有较高的加氢脱硫活性和选择性。     

β-环糊精修饰Ni/SFCC强化C9石油树脂催化加氢性能

以废弃的流化催化裂化催化剂（简称SFCC）为载体、β-环糊精为金属络合剂、硝酸镍为镍源，采用湿法浸渍法制备β-环糊精修饰的Ni/SFCC催化剂（简称Ni/SFCC-CD催化剂），考察其对C9石油树脂的催化加氢性能。通过BET比表面积测试、H2程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂的物相结构进行表征，研究β-环糊精的作用机理及其对催化剂加氢性能的影响。研究结果表明：在反应温度为260 ℃、反应压力为7 MPa、反应时间为2.0 h的最优条件下，采用Ni/SFCC-CD催化C9石油树脂加氢，可制得溴值为1.45 gBr/（100 g）、色号（加纳德）小于1的水白色氢化C9石油树脂，催化剂循环使用4次后仍保持良好活性；β-环糊精的作用机理是：β-环糊精与硝酸镍产生络合作用，抑制硝酸镍的分解、控制NiO的结晶过程和增强活性组分Ni与载体之间的相互作用力，从而提高了Ni/SFCC-CD的催化活性和稳定性。     

选区激光熔化316L不锈钢的各向组织与性能

对采用选区激光熔化(SLM)制备的316L不锈钢增材制造试样进行了横向、纵向力学性能与微观组织分析。结果表明,增材制造SLM试件亚结构组织由尺寸为0.4 μm左右的胞状组织所构成,组织之间无明显的成分偏析,纵向与横向拉伸强度分别达到808和713 MPa,在经过1050 ℃热处理后,原组织中部分胞状组织消失,纵向及横向强度分别下降到673 MPa及579 MPa,增材制造试样相对传统热轧试样(550 MPa)具有明显的强度优势。SLM试样组织中存在未熔合缺陷,缺陷几何形状的方向性对其在拉应力作用下连接成裂纹有显著影响。热处理后缺陷长度方向与拉伸应力平行的纵向试样伸长率达到47.5%,横向试样伸长率为20%,伸长率指标均显著低于热轧316L钢试样,未熔合缺陷是导致3D打印试件塑性指标降低的主要因素之一。     

Plasmonic Oxygen-Deficient TiO2-x Nanocrystals for Dual-Band Electrochromic Smart Windows with Efficient Energy Recycling

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows capable of the spectrally selective modulation of visible (VIS) light and near-infrared (NIR) can regulate solar light and solar heat transmittance to reduce the building energy consumption. The development of these windows is however limited by the number of available dual-band electrochromic materials. Here, plasmonic oxygen-deficient TiO_2-x nanocrystals (NCs) are discovered to be an effective single-component dual-band electrochromic material, and that oxygen-vacancy creation is more effective than aliovalent substitutional doping to introduce dual-band properties to TiO₂ NCs. Oxygen vacancies not only confer good near-infrared (NIR)-selective modulation, but also improve the Li⁺ diffusion in the TiO_2-x host, circumventing the disadvantage of aliovalent substitutional doping with ion diffusion. Consequently optimized TiO_2-x NC films are able to modulate the NIR and visible light transmittance independently and effectively in three distinct modes with high optical modulation (95.5% at 633 nm and 90.5% at 1200 nm), fast switching speed, high bistability, and long cycle life. An impressive dual-band electrochromic performance is also demonstrated in prototype devices. The use of TiO_2-x NCs enables the assembled windows to recycle a large fraction of energy consumed in the coloration process (“energy recycling”) to reduce the energy consumption in a round-trip electrochromic operation.