A theoretical and experimental study of phosphate ester inhibitors for AISI 1018 in carbon dioxide-saturated 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Phosphate ester was investigated as a corrosion inhibitor for AISI 1018 carbon steel in carbon dioxide-saturated chloride solutions at different temperatures and pressures. The corrosion tests were realized by electrochemical techniques, weight loss measurements, bubble tests, and a high-pressure/high-temperature autoclave system. The corrosion tests demonstrated that the investigated molecule is an excellent corrosion inhibitor. The inhibiting effect is even bigger at high pressure and temperature than at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated and determined to obey the Langmuir isotherm. Polarization studies revealed that the evaluated inhibitor is a mixed type.     

Producing Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Free Fatty Acids with Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

Three Brønsted acidic imidazole dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) with different length of alkyl chains, [C_n(Mim)₂][HSO₄]₂ (n = 3, 6, 12), were prepared and used as catalyst for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids and methanol. Taking oleic acid as model acid, the catalytic performances of the synthesized ILs for the esterification were evaluated. The main physicochemical properties of the ILs, thermal stability, acidity, solubility in common solvents, and causticity on Austenitic stainless steel 316, were examined. [C₃(Mim)₂][HSO₄]₂ demonstrated the highest catalytic activity and enabled to assess the preliminary optimum esterification condition of oleic acid and methanol. Under optimized reaction conditions, the yield of oleic acid methyl ester was up to 95 %. The ILs have great potential as catalysts for producing fatty acid methyl esters from long‐chain free fatty acids.     

Highly efficient two-stage ring-opening of epichlorohydrin with carboxylic acid in a microreaction system

Ring-opening of epoxides with carboxylic acids has been widely used to prepare many high value intermediates in the polymer and pharmaceutical industries. Most of conventional processes proceeded in batch stirred reactors. As such they always suffer from low productivity and selectivity. Here we developed an advanced technology to perform the ring-opening reaction of epichlorohydrin with neodecanoic acid (NDA) for continuous production of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl neodecanoate in a more efficient and safer way. A microreaction system where a microreactor connected to a stirred reactor was established. When the conversion of NDA rapidly reaching around 90% in a microreactor at 110°C, the reaction solution was transferred to a stirred reactor at 90°C. This two-stage operating mode can reduce the reaction time and improve the selectivity through free switching of temperature in the consecutive two reactors, thus substantially reducing the consumption of energy and materials.     

New Approach to Structure–Property Correlations of Different Films of Sorbitan Esters and Their Self-Assembly into Viscoelastic Monolayers

This publication is focused on the structural origin of viscoelasticity in Langmuir monolayers. To improve the understanding of the structural origin of viscoelasticity of surfactant films, we systematically studied interfacial films of different sorbitan esters with saturated (Span 60 and 65) and unsaturated (Span 80 and 85) paraffin chains by means of surface rheology, Langmuir isotherms, X-ray reflectometry (XRR), and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The results of two-dimensional shear rheological measurements revealed the existence of temporarily cross-linked networks. In dynamic BAM experiments, we observed a swinging motion of the monolayers as a result of a sudden externally initiated mechanical perturbation. The viscoelastic film response, which relaxed with time as the external force vanished, could be traced back to the presence of foam-like supramolecular structures that interlinked solid-condensed domains. The temperature dependence of the elastic response implied that the solid domains decomposed at temperatures close to the bulk melting point of Span 60 and Span 65. We concluded that insoluble surfactants formed solid domains at the interface, which were linked with each other by nonsolid areas, giving viscoelastic films. These newly discovered insights into coherent film formations could provide new opportunities for designing mechanically stable surfactant interfaces.     

玉米毛油酸价及碱炼脱酸对其甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

对不同酸价的玉米毛油进行碱炼脱酸,并对碱炼前后玉米油中甘一酯、甘二酯、3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯、维生素E、植物甾醇含量进行检测,分析研究毛油酸价及碱炼脱酸对玉米油中甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯及其他成分的影响。结果表明:随玉米毛油酸价升高,甘一酯、甘二酯含量明显升高,甘三酯含量明显降低,毛油酸价(KOH)为3. 06～8. 70 mg/g时,毛油中甘一酯、甘二酯总量为6. 39%～17. 40%,甘三酯含量为82. 60%～93. 61%,3-氯丙醇酯含量为2. 09～3. 23 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量为0. 40～0. 51 mg/kg。分别对酸价(KOH) 4. 10、8. 70 mg/g的2个玉米毛油样品进行碱炼脱酸后,甘一酯和甘二酯总量分别降低了3. 34、4. 47个百分点,3-氯丙醇酯含量明显下降,但缩水甘油酯含量变化不大,说明碱炼脱酸过程对降低甘一酯、甘二酯含量的作用有限,对3-氯丙醇酯有一定的脱除作用,但对缩水甘油酯影响很小。此外,碱炼脱酸过程造成维生素E损失率21. 68%～24. 53%,植物甾醇损失率32. 67%～39. 99%。     

碳纤维/乙烯基酯树脂复合材料拉伸性能研究

研究了碳纤维进行氧化处理、铺层形式,以及紫外光照射和不同溶液介质浸泡处理等,对碳纤维/乙烯基酯树脂复合材料拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:碳纤维最佳氧化工艺为浓硝酸氧化1 h,空气氧化温度250℃,空气氧化30 min。碳纤维最佳铺层设计为[0°,0°,45°]2s。随紫外光照射时间增加,复合材料拉伸强度呈先增后降趋势,120 h时达最大值。溶液介质浸泡会降低复合材料的拉伸强度。温度相同溶液介质不同时,复合材料在NaOH溶液中拉伸强度降低程度最大,温度提高会加速复合材料失效老化。     

Assessment of toxic content in Balanites aegyptiaca seed cake and use of enzymatic-catalysed biodiesel in diesel engine

The present study deals with the estimation of toxic phorbol esters in Balanites aegyptiaca seed cake and to evaluate the performance and combustion characteristics of different blends of biodiesel in a diesel engine. The seeds were manually collected from arid regions of Rajasthan, India and the oil extracted from the powdered kernel with Solvent extraction process. The extracted oil processed by enzymatic catalytic reactions are carried out at optimum operating conditions such as the molar ratio of 8:1 (methanol:oil), reaction temperature at 40°C for 4?h reaction time and xylanase 1% based on oil weight. The total conversion rate of extracted oil to methyl ester by enzymatic reactions yields up to 98.3%. The toxic content of seed cake was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Shimadzu). The performance and combustion parameters such as BP, BTE and CP decreased, whereas BSFC and DP increased with biodiesel blends.     

基于植物油中脂肪酸烷基酯含量变化鉴别废弃油脂

采用固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱-质谱联用法测定了6种植物油中脂肪酸烷基酯(包括脂肪酸甲酯和脂肪酸乙酯)的含量,并研究其在植物油煎炸、废弃及废弃油脂精炼等环节中的变化。结果发现,6种植物油中脂肪酸烷基酯的含量均低于30 mg/kg,而植物油在废弃过程中可能会形成大量脂肪酸乙酯,生成量与油脂是否烹饪及废弃物中乙醇含量有关。脂肪酸烷基酯在脱色工艺中不能被去除,但在脱臭中可被去除。因此,可以通过测定植物油中脂肪酸烷基酯含量发现废弃油脂,为废弃油脂的鉴别工作提供新的思路。     

Dietary Alcohol and Fat Differentially Affect Plasma Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Activity and Triglycerides in Normo- and Hypertriglyceridemic Subjects

Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations and reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity (CETA) mediates the exchange of HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) for the triacylglycerol (TAG) of very-low-density lipoproteins. We compared the effects of oral challenges of Alcohol, saturated fat (SAT), and (Alcohol + SAT) on plasma CETA, cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and TAG among normo-triglyceridemic (NTG) and mildly hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) volunteers having a range of plasma TAG concentrations. The major changes were (1) CETA increased more after ingestion of SAT and (Alcohol + SAT) in the HTG group versus the NTG group; (2) after all three challenges, elevation of plasma TAG concentration persisted longer in the HTG versus NTG group. Plasma cholesterol was not affected by the three dietary challenges, while Alcohol increased NEFA more in the HTG group than the NTG group. Plasma TAG best predicted plasma CETA, suggesting that intestinally derived lipoproteins are acceptors of HDL-CE. Unexpectedly, ingestion of (Alcohol + SAT) reduced the strength of the correlation between plasma TAG and CETA, that is the effects of (SAT and Alcohol) on plasma CETA are not synergistic nor additive but rather mutually suppressive. The alcohol-mediated inhibition of CE-transfer to chylomicrons maintains a higher plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration, which is athero-protective, although the suppressive metabolite underlying this correlation could be acetate, the terminal alcohol metabolite, other factors, including CETA inhibitors, are also likely important.