芯之康牌红曲丹参胶囊动物毒理学安全性评价研究

目的对芯之康牌红曲丹参胶囊的服用安全性进行毒理学研究。方法按照国家标准要求和相关规定,对本品进行小鼠急性毒性实验、遗传毒理实验(含Ames实验、微核实验和小鼠精子畸形实验)和大鼠30 d喂养实验。结果以20.0 g/kg·bw剂量给小鼠灌胃后,14 d动物无中毒症状,无动物死亡;3项遗传毒性实验结果均为阴性;30 d喂养实验的结果与阴性对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。结论本品在本实验范围内无急性毒性、无遗传毒性,产品安全,可以作为辅助降血脂类保健食品用于人体。     

含L-精氨酸和抗氧化物质组方的毒理学安全性研究

为探究含L-精氨酸和抗氧化物质组方的毒理学安全性,该文按照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003年版)重点开展了含L-精氨酸、山楂提取物、知母提取物和虾青素组方的毒理学评价。毒理实验显示,该组方小鼠经口急性毒性试验中最大耐受剂量值(maximum tolerance dose,MTD)>20.0 g/(kg·BW),Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验均未见该组方样品有致突变作用。大鼠30 d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应。该组方属于无毒级、无遗传毒性,不会引起突变,为其临床应用及保健食品研发提供毒理学方面的科学依据。     

Maternal Responses and Adaptive Changes to Environmental Stress via Chronic Nanomaterial Exposure: Differences in Inter and Transgenerational Interclonal Broods of Daphnia magna

There is increasing recognition that environmental nano-biological interactions in model species, and the resulting effects on progeny, are of paramount importance for nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment. In this work, Daphnia magna F0 mothers were exposed to a range of silver and titanium dioxide NMs. The key biological life history traits (survival, growth and reproduction) of the F1 intergenerations, at the first (F1B1), third (F1B3) and fifth (F1B5) broods, were investigated. Furthermore, the F1 germlines of each of the three broods were investigated over 3 more generations (up to 25 days each) in continuous or removed-from NM exposure, to identify how the length of maternal exposure affects the resulting clonal broods. Our results show how daphnids respond to NM-induced stress, and how the maternal effects show trade-offs between growth, reproduction and survivorship. The F1B1 (and following germline) had the shortest F0 maternal exposure times to the NMs, and thus were the most sensitive showing reduced size and reproductive output. The F1B3 generation had a sub-chronic maternal exposure, whereas the F1B5 generation suffered chronic maternal exposure where (in most cases) the most compensatory adaptive effects were displayed in response to the prolonged NM exposure, including enhanced neonate output and reduced gene expression. Transgenerational responses of multiple germlines showed a direct link with maternal exposure time to ‘sub-lethal’ effect concentrations of NMs (identified from standard OECDs acute toxicity tests which chronically presented as lethal) including increased survival and production of males in the F1B3 and G1B5 germlines. This information may help to fine-tune environmental risk assessments of NMs and prediction of their impacts on environmental ecology.     

Cyp1 Inhibition Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy in a Zebrafish Heart-Failure Model

Doxorubicin is a highly effective chemotherapy agent used to treat many common malignancies. However, its use is limited by cardiotoxicity, and cumulative doses exponentially increase the risk of heart failure. To identify novel heart failure treatment targets, a zebrafish model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy was previously established for small-molecule screening. Using this model, several small molecules that prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity both in zebrafish and in mouse models have previously been identified. In this study, exploration of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is expanded by screening 2271 small molecules from a proprietary, target-annotated tool compound collection. It is found that 120 small molecules can prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, including 7 highly effective compounds. Of these, all seven exhibited inhibitory activity towards cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1). These results are consistent with previous findings, in which visnagin, a CYP1 inhibitor, also prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Importantly, genetic mutation of cyp1a protected zebrafish against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity phenotypes. Together, these results provide strong evidence that CYP1 is an important contributor to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and highlight the CYP1 pathway as a candidate therapeutic target for clinical cardioprotection.     

Overview on mitigation of acrylamide in starchy fried and baked foods

Acrylamide in fried and baked foods has the potential to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. A major challenge lies in developing an effective strategy for acrylamide mitigation in foods without altering its basic properties. Food scientists around the world have developed various methods to mitigate the presence of acrylamide in fried food products. Mitigation techniques using additives such as salts, amino acids, cations and organic acids along with blanching of foods have reduced the concentration of acrylamide. The use of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols also reduces acrylamide concentration in fried food products. Other mitigation techniques such as asparaginase pre‐treatment and low‐temperature air frying with chitosan have been effective in mitigating the concentration of acrylamide. The combined pre‐treatment process along with the use of additives is the latest trend in acrylamide mitigation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

昆仑雪菊遗传毒性研究

目的研究昆仑雪菊的遗传毒性,为其食用安全性提供科学依据。方法试验受试物为昆仑雪菊浸泡浓缩液,每毫升相当于1 g昆仑雪菊干品。Ames试验和体外哺乳类细胞染色体畸变试验分别设昆仑雪菊浸泡浓缩液0.008、0.04、0.2、1、5 mg/皿组和1.25、2.5、5 mg/ml组,直接计数培养基上各菌株的回变菌落数和染色体畸变细胞数。微核试验、精子畸形试验和小鼠精原细胞或精母细胞染色体畸变试验均设昆仑雪菊浸泡浓缩液低、中、高剂量组(5、10、20 g/kg),各试验分别镜检计数每只动物1 000个嗜多染红细胞(PCE)、1 000个完整精子、100个中期分裂相细胞,记录有微核的嗜多染红细胞数量、畸变精子类型和数目、染色体畸变细胞数。结果昆仑雪菊遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性。结论本研究未发现昆仑雪菊有遗传毒性。     

城市污水再生回用的生态毒理问题

介绍和分析了国内外城市污水再生回用的方向、污水厂出水中可能含有的有害物质及其可能造成的生态危害，提出了减少城市污水再生回用生态风险的方法。     

Temperature effect on the elimination of pentachlorophenol,hexachlorobenzene and mirex by rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri)

The elimination rates of pentachlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene and mirex were estimated in rainbow trout that were held at 4, 12 and 18°C for 120 days following a single oral exposure. The results suggested temperature could become an important environmental variable in deriving a coefficient for the elimination component of a contaminant dynamics model. This response would be most applicable for those substances that are eliminated relatively rapidly, and those models that simulate the contaminant dynamics of fish in its natural environment.     

Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.     

Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

Natural mycelial exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS) extracted from bioreactor-cultivated European Ganoderma applanatum mushrooms are of potential high commercial value for both food and adjacent biopharmaceutical industries. In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01–10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01–10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC₅₀ of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with <1.0 mg/mL, respectively. No significant changes in the ZE heart rate were detected following treatment with the two compounds tested (EPS: 0.01–10 mg/mL: 176.44 ± 0.77 beats/min and ENS: 0.01–10 mg/mL: 148.44 ± 17.75 beats/min) compared to normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.