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1.
Two 3Gd-TZP materials were manufactured from powders produced by intense mixing and milling of unstabilized zirconia starting powders and gadolinia as stabilizer oxide by hot pressing at 1250 °C – 1400 °C. The materials show a combination of high toughness and moderate strength. In detail depending on starting powder the two TZP showed distinct differences concerning transformation characteristics, sintering temperature dependence of mechanical properties and the tendency to develop R-curve related deformation features such as non-linear stress strain curves and formation of transformation bands prior to fracture.  相似文献   
2.
《Ceramics International》2019,45(13):16032-16038
A method for obtaining the stress–strain relationship of ceramic materials was proposed on the basis of the relationship between the maximum load and the indentation size obtained by microhardness test. The microhardness testing process of Si2N2O–Si3N4 ultrafine-grained ceramics was simulated using ABAQUS finite element software. The stress–strain relationship curve of the material was obtained by repeatedly modifying and comparing the experimental and simulation results. The hardness testing principle and elastic–plastic theory were comprehensively applied in this work in accordance with the geometrical characteristics of the Vickers diamond indenter. The theoretical formula for calculating the stress–strain relationship of hard and brittle materials using microhardness experimental data combined with finite element simulation was deduced. The elastic–plastic area division principle for calculating yield stress was proposed. The accuracy of the theoretical formula was verified by comparing the theoretical and simulation results.  相似文献   
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Fully-coupled thermo-mechanical simulations are implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate micro-scale stress-strain variability in pegmatite specimens subjected to thermal loading using microwaves. Thermally-induced compressive and tensile stresses increase as the microwave irradiation duration increases. The dielectric constant, coefficient of expansion, and type and size of mineralogical boundary have significant impacts on the responses of the rock to microwave irradiation. The maximum principal stress of the chlorite is the smallest, indicating that the chlorite experiences the most damage under microwave irradiation, followed by the quartz. The maximum principal stress values of plagioclase and orthoclase are larger, indicating that they are likely to incur the least damage. Where quartz or chlorite is dominant, the resulting von Mises stresses are consistently higher after 120 s of microwave irradiation. The rate of generation of von Mises stresses increases most rapidly along the interface between quartz and plagioclase, and the interface between quartz and orthoclase, followed by the interface between quartz and chlorite, and finally the interface between plagioclase and orthoclase. The presented modeling approach provides a practical method to investigate stress-strain relationships within mineralogical boundaries inside a rock thin section.  相似文献   
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Laminates with alternating layers are well known from nature. The strongly bonded alumina/zirconia (Al2O3/ZrO2) layers can combine high fracture resistance with high strength and stiffness when properly tailored. The presence of compressive residual stresses formed in Al2O3 layers can suppress and deflect cracks propagating through the layers. The crack path is governed by both the elastic properties and the internal stress field of individual layers. The laminates with various layer-thickness ratios ranging from 0.1 to 3 were used to investigate the effect of residual stresses and influence of crack formation pattern on the crack path development. The indentation surface cracks observed in various alumina-zirconia laminates exhibit the same crack deflection independently on the level of internal stresses. The crack deflection observed on the fracture surfaces of bending specimens was related to the indentations cracks. The complicated crack path was explained experimentally by 3D reconstruction with the support of numerical simulations.  相似文献   
7.
Hydrogen evolution through photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting by tungsten oxide-based photoanodes, as a stable and environmental-friendly material with moderate band gap, has attracted significant interest in recent years. The performance of WO3 photoanode could be hindered by its poor oxygen evolution reaction kinetics and high charge carrier recombination rate. Additionally, scalable and cost-effective commercial procedure to prepare nanostructured electrodes is still challenging. We present, for the first time, a novel and scalable method to fabricate highly efficient self-supported WO3/W nanostructured photoanodes from commercial W–Cu powder metallurgy (P/M) parts for water splitting. The electrodes were prepared by electrochemical etching of Cu networks followed by hydrothermal growth of WO3 nanoflakes. Interconnected channels of W skeleton provided high active surface area for the growth of WO3 nanoflakes with a thickness of ~40 nm and lateral dimension of ~250 nm. The optimized photoelectrode having 35% interconnected porosity exhibited an impressive current density of 4.36 mA cm−2 comprising a remarkable photocurrent of 1.71 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE under 100 mW cm−2 simulated sunlight. This achievement is amongst the highest reported photocurrents for WO3 photoelectrodes with tungsten substrate reported so far. Impedance and Mott-Schottky analyses evidenced fast charge transfer, low recombination rate, and accelerated O2 detachment provided by optimum 3D porous WO3/W electrode. Due to the nature of the commercial P/M parts and low-temperature hydrothermal processing, the procedure is cost-effective and scalable which can pave a new route for the fabrication of highly porous and efficient water splitting electrodes.  相似文献   
8.
Well-structured stimuli presentation is essential in eye-tracking research to test predefined hypotheses reliably and to conduct relevant gazing behavior studies. Several bottom-up factors associated with stimuli presentation (such as stimuli orientation, size etc.) can influence gazing behavior. However, only a small number of scientific papers address these factors in a sensory and consumer science context and thus provide guidance to practitioners. The two presented eye-tracking studies on food images aimed at evaluating the effect of the bottom-up factors stimulus size, background of the picture, orientation of food product presentation, the evaluated products and the number of alternatives. Significant effects of product group were found in the case of all eye-movement parameters except time to first fixation and first fixation duration. In contrary, orientation significantly influenced only the time to first fixation and first fixation duration parameters. Stimulus size significantly increased fixation and dwell count, while background showed no significant effects. Furthermore, significant relationships were found between the number of presented images and eye-movement and decision time. Less time was needed in 2AFC (alternative forced choice test), 3AFC and 4AFC and significantly more time was needed to choose one alternative out of 7AFC and 8AFC. The results of the two studies show that the investigated bottom-up factors can significantly influence gazing behavior, and therefore need to be carefully considered when planning or comparing results of eye-tracking experiments.  相似文献   
9.
The development of emotional lexicons can be seen as a time- and resource-consuming activity. Several rapid methods have been developed for time-restricted studies, but the suitability of these methodologies in the development of emotional lexicons compared to conventional ones has not been investigated.The aim of this study was to test the suitability of a rapid method, as it is the Sorting Task, for emotional lexicon development compared to a conventional procedure. For this purpose, two different approaches (conventional vs rapid-method) were tested to evaluate wines.222 consumers participated in the lexicon development procedure. A common phase of generation and filtering of the terms was carried out for the development of both lexicons. Then, two approaches were used, one applying the procedures proposed in the literature (conventional, herein as Lexicon I) and the other applying Sorting Task (rapid-method, herein as Lexicon II). To test both lexicons, consumer studies (n = 185) were conducted using a set of seven commercial wines.Both methods were helpful in discriminating emotional responses. Lexicon I reported a wine effect for 10 of the 13 emotional categories, while the Lexicon II discriminated the samples in all 15 categories. Although multifactorial analysis showed a high agreement between configurations (RV = 0.985), the emotional map of both lexicons did not follow the theoretical circumplex model of emotions. SADNESS and NOSTALGIA feelings were related to the second axis.In conclusion, both methods provided similar maps of wines, but Lexicon II was more efficient in terms of time and resources during the lexicon development.  相似文献   
10.
Free-standing Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5P3O12 electrolyte sheets with a thickness of 50–150 μm were prepared by tape casting followed by sintering at 850–1000 °C in air. While a sintering temperature of 850 °C was too low to achieve appreciable densification and grain growth, a peak relative density of 95% was obtained at 920 °C. At higher sintering temperatures, the microstructure changed from a bimodal grain size distribution towards exclusively large grains (> 10 μm), accompanied by a decrease in relative density (down to 86% at 1000 °C). In contrast, ionic conductivity increased with increasing sintering temperature, from 0.1 mS/cm at 920 °C to 0.3 mS/cm at 1000 °C. Sintering behavior was improved by adding 1.5% of amorphous silica to the slurry. In this way, almost full densification (99.8%) and an ionic conductivity of 0.2 mS/cm was achieved at 920 °C.Mechanical characterization was carried out on the almost fully densified material, yielding elastic modulus and hardness values of 109 and 8.7 GPa, respectively. The fracture strength and Weibull modulus were also characterized. The results confirm that densification and reduction of grain size improve the mechanical properties.  相似文献   
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