Absorption effect of pure nickel on the corrosion behaviors of the GH3535 alloy in tellurium vapor

In this study,pure Ni was demonstrated to pro-tect the GH3535 alloy from Te vapor corrosion because of its strong absorption capacity.Severe Te corrosion of a single GH3535 alloy sample occurred in Te vapor at 700℃,which manifested as complex surface corrosion products and deep intergranular cracks.However,when pure Ni and the GH3535 alloy were put together in the vessel,the GH3535 alloy was completely protected from Te corrosion at the expense of the pure Ni.Thermody-namic calculations proved that the preferential reaction between pure Ni and Te vapor reduced the activity of Te vapor considerably,preventing the corrosion of the GH3535 alloy.Our study reveals one potential approach for protecting the alloys used in molten-salt reactors from Te corrosion.     

喷丸处理对GH3535合金900℃恒温氧化行为的影响

采用不连续增重法,对喷丸状态与非喷丸状态GH3535合金900℃恒温氧化行为进行了对比研究。结果表明,900℃下,喷丸强度0.45Nmm样品与未喷丸样品相比,氧化增重降低了79.7%。未喷丸GH3535合金表面氧化产物为NiCr2O4，MoO2，NiMoO4，喷丸状态下氧化膜主要由NiO、NiFe2O4、Cr2O3和NiCr2O4组成。喷丸处理后GH3535合金表面产生塑性变形使晶粒细化,位错密度增加,在合金表层塑性变形区域的位错及晶界充当了Cr原子的快速扩散路径,增加了Cr原子扩散通量,促进Cr向表面扩散形成富Cr氧化物,使得Cr2O3层的更快形成,减少了瞬态氧化期。     

Incipient melting phase and its dissolution kinetics for a new superalloy

Based on XRD, SEM and EDS analyses, the phases in GH4151 alloy were identified. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiment and metallographic method were carried out to determine the incipient melting temperature (IMT) of the alloy. The result shows that the IMT of alloy is situated between 1150 and 1160 °C. Subsequently, the dissolution process of Laves phase was carried out, and the dissolution kinetic equations were obtained at different temperatures. And then based on the verification of experiments, the model was confirmed to be credible to predict the fraction of the Laves phase dissolution. Finally, the results of diffusion coefficients indicate that the diffusion of Nb element is a critical factor for homogenization process of GH4151 alloy.     

热挤压成形GH3625合金管材组织及裂纹形成机理

通过对比热挤压成形管材和爆裂管材的组织以及对爆裂管材裂纹和断口的分析,研究了热挤压成形GH3625合金管材的组织及裂纹形成机理。结果表明:爆裂管材与成形管材的组织均为等轴晶,但爆裂管材的开裂使晶界处的应力集中得以释放,其组织中并没有形成变形孪晶,在管材径向方向上也不存在晶粒尺寸不均匀的现象。挤压比过高导致管材在热挤压过程中绝热升温严重,使低熔点的Laves相熔化并扩散到周围基体中,是裂纹形成的根本原因。在模具出口处高拉应力的作用下,这些裂纹不断扩展最终连接在一起,导致管材的爆裂现象。由于断口表面冷却速率较高,组织通过奥氏体区的时间较短,再结晶形核核心多且晶粒长大过程受阻,使断口表面形成了一层十分细小的再结晶晶粒。     

多次真空固溶处理对GH1131高温合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用真空高压气淬工艺研究了GH1131高温合金经1100~1170 ℃范围内多次真空固溶处理后的组织和力学性能。结果表明,固溶态组织包含奥氏体晶粒和颗粒状碳化物,且随着固溶温度的升高,晶粒度稍有增大趋势。GH1131高温合金经多次真空固溶处理后组织均匀,常温与高温力学性能稳定,经1100 ℃+1130 ℃+1170 ℃三次真空固溶处理后,晶粒度维持了6~8级,900 ℃高温抗拉强度达到200 MPa。     

电渣重熔GH984G定向凝固组织CAFE法模拟

 电渣重熔凝固组织的控制直接关系到高温合金的品质与实际生产应用。针对电渣重熔GH984G的定向凝固过程,同时考虑传热和溶质扩散,基于CAFE法与C语言结合,建立了三维电渣重熔凝固过程组织演变的CAFE模型,并对凝固过程温度场和凝固组织演变进行模拟预测。结果表明,铸锭温度场和熔池深度都是首先为较浅平状态,然后不断加深至最后稳定;在电极熔化初始,金属熔池浅平,枝晶生长方向是竖直向上,之后金属熔池不断加深,底部竖直向上的柱状晶方向变为斜向上约26°。同时在铸锭的中心线上出现了等轴晶,等轴晶形核长大后与柱状晶镶嵌生长。此外,随着电极熔速变大,渣金界面上涨速度也随之变大,且熔池深度相应变宽变深。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,从而验证了模型与形核参数的适用性。     

断口附近组织对GH4080A合金缺口持久性能的影响

本文以630 ℃汽轮机紧固件备选合金GH4080A合金为研究对象,对美国Special Metals和抚顺特钢冶炼的材料经过标准热处理后分别在不同载荷下进行高温缺口持久实验,并结合光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)及背散射电子衍射(EBSD)分析,研究合金持久寿命的分散性与持久样品断口附近组织的关联性。结果表明：GH4080A抚钢边缘和芯部持久寿命不同的主要原因是两者晶粒大小不同；抚钢边缘与SMC边缘持久寿命不同的主要原因是两者变形机制不同,前者为晶界滑移,后者为晶内变形与晶界变形协调作用。     

Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic organic and elemental substances and their degradation and metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues of exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs have been of concern in the circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, as a consequence of bioaccumulation and in some cases biomagnification of legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs and CHLs) and emerging (e.g., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) found in Arctic biota and humans. Of high concern are the potential biological effects of these contaminants in exposed Arctic wildlife and fish. As concluded in the last review in 2004 for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) on the effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife, prior to 1997, biological effects data were minimal and insufficient at any level of biological organization. The present review summarizes recent studies on biological effects in relation to OHC exposure, and attempts to assess known tissue/body compartment concentration data in the context of possible threshold levels of effects to evaluate the risks. This review concentrates mainly on post-2002, new OHC effects data in Arctic wildlife and fish, and is largely based on recently available effects data for populations of several top trophic level species, including seabirds (e.g., glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), polar (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), as well as semi-captive studies on sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains a dearth of data on true contaminant exposure, cause-effect relationships with respect to these contaminant exposures in Arctic wildlife and fish. Indications of exposure effects are largely based on correlations between biomarker endpoints (e.g., biochemical processes related to the immune and endocrine system, pathological changes in tissues and reproduction and development) and tissue residue levels of OHCs (e.g., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs and in a few cases perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field studies on comparative contaminant effects of control and exposed cohorts of captive Greenland sled dogs, and performance studies mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations in Arctic charr. Recent tissue concentrations in several arctic marine mammal species and populations exceed a general threshold level of concern of 1 part-per-million (ppm), but a clear evidence of a POP/OHC-related stress in these populations remains to be confirmed. There remains minimal evidence that OHCs are having widespread effects on the health of Arctic organisms, with the possible exception of East Greenland and Svalbard polar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls. However, the true (if any real) effects of POPs in Arctic wildlife have to be put into the context of other environmental, ecological and physiological stressors (both anthropogenic and natural) that render an overall complex picture. For instance, seasonal changes in food intake and corresponding cycles of fattening and emaciation seen in Arctic animals can modify contaminant tissue distribution and toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism and depuration). Also, other factors, including impact of climate change (seasonal ice and temperature changes, and connection to food web changes, nutrition, etc. in exposed biota), disease, species invasion and the connection to disease resistance will impact toxicant exposure. Overall, further research and better understanding of POP/OHC impact on animal performance in Arctic biota are recommended. Regardless, it could be argued that Arctic wildlife and fish at the highest potential risk of POP/OHC exposure and mediated effects are East Greenland, Svalbard and (West and South) Hudson Bay polar bears, Alaskan and Northern Norway killer whales, several species of gulls and other seabirds from the Svalbard area, Northern Norway, East Greenland, the Kara Sea and/or the Canadian central high Arctic, East Greenland ringed seal and a few populations of Arctic charr and Greenland shark.     

真空感应熔炼中夹杂物运动行为数值模拟

为了促进真空感应熔炼GH4169合金过程中夹杂物的去除,建立了电磁-流动-粒子跟踪耦合数学模型,研究了真空感应熔炼过程中熔液流动与夹杂物运动的规律,对比了不同冶炼工艺参数下熔池中流场和夹杂物运动特点,提出了一种促进真空感应熔炼过程中夹杂物去除的工艺优化方法。结果表明,真空感应熔炼过程中,熔池流场中存在2个漩涡,加快漩涡的运动速度可以促进熔池内夹杂物的去除,熔液流动速度随着熔炼的进行先升高后下降,最终趋于稳定。随着电压增加,熔液平均流动速度增加,熔池内夹杂物总去除率升高。随着电流频率升高,熔液平均流动速度降低,熔池内夹杂物总去除率降低。因此可通过增大电压、减小电流频率的方法,增大熔液流动速度,促进真空感应熔炼GH4169合金过程中夹杂物的去除,工艺参数由400 V、3 400 Hz优化为420 V、3 200 Hz后,夹杂物总去除率由91.98%增大到94.87%,提高了2.89%。     

镍基高温合金GH4738的凝固偏析和碳化物析出行为

高温合金铸锭凝固过程内部各区域散热条件不同,冷却速率存在明显差异。采用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、高温共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)原位观察和定向凝固(DS)的方法,研究了宽冷速范围下GH4738合金的凝固偏析和碳化物析出行为。结果表明, GH4738合金的凝固顺序为L→γ+L,L→γ+L+MC,L→γ+MC+η+(γ+γ′),其中MC型碳化物、η相和(γ+γ′)共晶相为合金凝固过程中的主要偏析产物;Ti、Mo元素是合金的主要枝晶间偏析元素;提高冷却速率能有效降低凝固前沿残余液相中的溶质富集程度;铸态组织中的的碳化物主要为富Ti的MC型碳化物(TiC、Ti(N)C)和以TiN或Al₂O₃为核心的MC型复合碳化物(Al₂O₃-TiC、TiN-TiC);随着冷却速率降低,碳化物平均尺寸增大,体积分数减小,形貌由小块状向长条状、汉字状和大块状演变。