Energy,exergy and exergo-environmental impact assessment of a solid oxide fuel cell coupled with absorption chiller & cascaded closed loop ORC for multi-generation

A novel solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) multigeneration system fueled by biogas derived from agricultural waste (maize silage) is designed and analyzed from the view point of energy and exergy analysis. The system is proposed in order to limit the greenhouse gas emissions as it uses a renewable energy source as a fuel. Electricity, domestic hot water, hydrogen and cooling load are produced simultaneously by the system. The system includes a solid oxide fuel cell; which is the primary mover, a biogas digester subsystem, a cascaded closed loop organic Rankine cycle, a single effect LiBr-water absorption refrigeration cycle, and a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer subsystem. The proposed cascaded closed-loop ORC cycle is considered as one of the advanced heat recovery technologies that significantly improve thermal efficiency of integrated systems. The thermal performance of the proposed system is observed to be higher in comparison to the simple ORC and the recuperated ORC cycles. The integration of a splitter to govern the flue gas separation ratio is also introduced in this study to cater for particular needs/demands. The separation ratio can be used to vary the cooling load or the additional power supplied by the ORC to the system. It is deduced that net electrical power, cooling load, heating capacity of the domestic hot water and total energy and exergy efficiency are 789.7 kW, 317.3 kW, 65.75 kW, 69.86% and 47.4% respectively under integral design conditions. Using a parametric approach, the effects of main parameters on the output of the device are analyzed. Current density is an important parameter for system performance. Increasing the current density leads to increased power produced by the system, decreased exergy efficiency in the system and increased energy efficiency. After-burner, air and fuel heat exchangers are observed to have the highest exergy destruction rates. Lower current density values are desirable for better exergy-based sustainability from the exergetic environmental impact assessment. Higher current density values have negative effect on the environment.     

Influence of anode current density on carbon parasitic reactions during electrolysis

In the electro-deoxidation process, carbon parasitic reaction (CO₃^2- + 4e^-=C + 3O^2-) usually occurs when using carbon materials as the anode, which leads to increase of the carbon content in the final metal and decrease of the current efficiency of the process. The aim of this work is to reduce the negative effect of carbon parasitic reaction on the electrolysis process by adjusting anode current density. The results indicate that lower graphite anode area can achieve higher current density, which is helpful to increase the nucleation site of CO₂ bubbles. Most of CO₂ would be released from the anode instead of dissolution in the molten CaCl₂ and reacting with O^2- to form CO₃^2-, thus decreasing the carbon parasitic reaction of the process. Furthermore, the results of the compared experiments show that when the anode area decreases from 172.78 to 4.99 cm², CO₂ concentration in the released gases increases significantly, the carbon mass content in the final metal product decreased from 1.09% to 0.13%, and the current efficiency increased from 6.65% to 36.50%. This study determined a suitable anode current density range for reducing carbon parasitic reaction and provides a valuable reference for the selection of the anode in the electrolysis process.     

上海市火力发电行业能源计量现状分析

能源计量与节能监测、能源审计、能源统计、能源利用状况分析是用能单位能源管理和节能工作的基础。通过对本市部分火力发电企业的现场调研，针对性地提出改进建议，以期帮助用能单位增强能源计量在节能减排工作中的有效性。     

低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间研究

为表征低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间矿化过程的差异,通过Sutherland理论下固体颗粒进入泡沫产品的总概率(E)和浮选速率常数(k)之间关系,并结合低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡的浮选速率试验,求得了低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间。浮选实验研究表明,在相同的捕收剂消耗量下低阶煤-油泡浮选产率均高于低阶煤-气泡浮选产率。诱导时间测试表明,低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间(35 ms)要明显低于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间(93 ms)。上述实验结果表明,油泡表面的疏水性要强于传统浮选气泡表面的疏水性。然而,进一步利用Sutherland理论中固体颗粒进入泡沫产品的总概率和浮选速率常数之间的数学关系,并结合低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡的浮选速率试验求得的低阶煤颗粒-气/油泡间的诱导时间分别为9.67和8.46 ms,其与诱导时间测试仪分别测量的诱导时间差异很大。这主要是由于在实际浮选过程中气/油泡的上升速度分别为23.26和22.68 cm/s,其远高于2015EZ型诱导时间仪测试过程中气/油泡碰撞速度(2.0 cm/s)。因此,诱导时间理论计算表明气泡-颗粒间的碰撞速度对颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间影响很大。上述研究结果表明油泡浮选效果优于传统浮选的内在原因在于低阶煤颗粒-油泡间的诱导时间小于低阶煤颗粒-气泡间的诱导时间。     

KJS-Y系列矿用水动力降尘器的改进设计

针对当前KJS-Y系列降尘器效率低的问题,通过调整叶轮轴向间隙与径向间隙参数,分别对不同安装参数的降尘器进行数值模拟,通过数值模拟分析特定截面压力分布情况,确定了叶轮最佳安装参数,大大提高了降尘器的工作效率,同时降低了设计成本。     

Flotation performance and adsorption mechanism of novel 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hex-2-en-1-one oxime flotation collector to malachite

A novel collector 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hex-2-en-1-one oxime (HPHO) was synthesized from 2-hydroxy acetophenone and butyraldehyde. Its flotation performance and adsorption mechanism to malachite were investigated by flotation test, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis techniques. Compared with benzohydroxamic acid (BA), 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-one oxime (HPEO) and sodium isobutyl xanthate (SIBX), HPHO exhibited excellent collecting power to malachite without additional reagents, such as Na₂S regulator and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) frother. Results of zeta potential indicated that HPHO was coated on malachite surfaces through a chemisorption process. FTIR and XPS data gave clear evidence for the formation of Cu–oxime complex on malachite surfaces after HPHO adsorption through the linkage between C=C, –OH, N–OH group and Cu species.     

煤粉锅炉脱硫系统中除尘器压差过高原因及解决方案

高倍率灰钙循环烟气脱硫技术在神东矿区的煤粉锅炉环保改造项目中已投入建设并成功运行,脱硫率可达95%以上。在NGD系统的运行调试期,布袋除尘器压差的数值及其上升速度均较改造前有大幅提高,影响了锅炉系统的正常运行并降低了布袋除尘器的运行效率。为了解决此问题,先分析滤料透气性降低而导致布袋除尘器压差上升的根本原因,再结合现场调研情况对NGD系统工况下的烟气含湿量、烟气温度、烟气灰浓度、除尘器本体的问题以及上游锅炉系统问题逐一进行对比和分析,并找出问题产生的各主要因素。NGD系统中布袋除尘器差压升高的原因包括多方面,为了使NGD系统的运行更加稳定,需要使除尘器适应NGD系统的工况并对系统中部分设备进行改造。在未来NGD系统的设计中,布袋除尘器需按高浓度烟气设计,且针对煤粉工业锅炉的运行、维护特性应加入对烟气中含水量的监测及对布袋除尘器的相应保护措施。     

Effect of titanium diboride on the homogeneity of boron carbide ceramic by flash spark plasma sintering

A novel method, namely flash spark plasma sintering (FSPS), combining flash sintering and electric field assisted sintering, was utilized to densify boron carbide/titanium diboride (B₄C/TiB₂) composites. Further, sintering homogeneity of the composites with different contents of TiB₂ was systematically investigated and theoretical model was built. Results indicated that addition of 50?wt% TiB2 led to the densification of B₄C/TiB₂ composite by up to 97.7% with regional range 1.9% at 1872?°C under pressure of 4?MPa in 60?s. The preferential pathway of TiB₂ network proves to disperse the central current and distribute thermal flow throughout the specimen possibly via tunneling, electronic field emission effect at first stage and lower-resistance composite pathway latter, contributing to the increased homogeneity.     

A mixed collector system for phosphate flotation

Flotation has been used in industry for more than a half century as the primary technique for upgrading phosphate. While the flotation of phosphate was inefficient when oleic acid was used alone as a collector, therefore a mixed collector of oleic acid (HOl), linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) was employed to improve the recovery of phosphate flotation. The batch flotation results showed that the optimal composition of the mixed collector was 54 wt.% HOl, 36 wt.% LA and 10 wt.% LNA. Additionally, the effect of pH on the mixed collector application was studied while considering the surface tension, contact angle and micro-flotation. The results showed that the mixed collector should be used at a pH of 9.5. Above a pH of 9.5, the adsorption of fatty acids dimers on the apatite surface hindered phosphate flotation. The influence of the mixed collector assembly on apatite flotation was also investigated. It was demonstrated that due to its low critical micelle concentration, a sufficiently hydrophobic apatite surface could be generated at a collector concentration of 60 mg/L. In addition, zeta potential experiments suggested that collector adsorption was governed by chemisorption. FTIR and XPS spectra studies further indicated that the chemical reaction involved the carboxyl groups of fatty acids and Ca species at the apatite surface for each fatty acid in the mixed collector.