Effects of hydrogen plasma treatment on the physical and chemical properties of tin oxide thin films for ambipolar thin-film transistor applications

In this study, we investigated the physical and chemical properties of H₂ plasma-treated tin oxide (SnO_X) thin films, followed by their applications in ambipolar thin-film transistors (TFTs). Finely controlled H₂ implantation was carried out using a reactive-ion-etching system at a radio frequency power of 30 W and under various exposure times. H₂ plasma treatments induced changes in the chemical structures and surface morphologies of the SnO_X thin films, including a partial phase transformation of Sn and SnO to SnO₂. The defects originating from oxygen vacancies (O_Vacs) in the SnO_X thin films were passivated by H via the formation of Sn–H bonds, which decreased the density of subgap states in the SnO_X thin films. The H₂ plasma-treated SnO_X TFTs showed considerably improved ambipolarity and electrical performance. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic inverters comprising H₂-plasma-treated ambipolar SnO_X TFTs exhibited a maximum gain of 34.5 V/V at a supply voltage of 10 V. The results of this study present the meaningful investigation of H₂ plasma-treated ambipolar SnO_X TFTs that can be used to fabricate CMOS circuits for various applications.     

A rapid detection method for the surface defects of mosaic ceramic tiles

Due to its unique artistic value, mosaic ceramics are widely used in construction-related fields. To meet the artist's demand for high-quality mosaic ceramic to create artistic works, it is necessary to meet the needs for efficient screening of mosaic ceramic tiles. Different from the ordinary large-target ceramics, mosaic ceramics exhibit characteristics of small tile sizes, a variety of colors, large demand for quantities, and easy reflection on the surface. Common manual detection methods show problems of low efficiency or accuracy, easy to fatigue, and many others. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a new detection method to identify surface defects of mosaic ceramic tiles and designs a detection system platform to achieve rapid detection. The experiment proves that the detection system has a detection rate of 93.99% for small defects on the surface of mosaic ceramic tiles, and the detection time of a single mosaic ceramic tile is less than 0.06 s. The detection method can quickly and accurately screen out high-quality, defect-free mosaic ceramic tiles, which can effectively improve the quality and artistic value of mosaic ceramic art creation.     

Ferroelectric and electromechanical performance of diverse engineered states of Mn-doped 0.75Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.25PbTiO3 ceramics

The materials processing history has a great influence on their properties and finally determines their application effect. In this paper, the ferroelectric, polarization-switching current, and strain properties of Mn-doped 0.75Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.25PbTiO₃ ceramics were studied in fresh state, aged state, and poled state, respectively. Compared with the symmetric polarization-electric-field (P-E) hysteresis loops, current-density-electric-field (J-E) curves, and bipolar electric-field-induced strain (S-E) curves in fresh state samples, asymmetric P-E loops, J-E curves, and bipolar S-E curves were obtained in poled state samples. Well-aged-state samples exhibit double hysteresis P-E loop, four peaks J-E curves, and symmetric S-E curves without negative strain. The symmetry-conforming short-range order (SC-SRO) principle of point defects and internal electric field E_i is employed to clarify the different phenomenon of three states. Results indicated that randomly oriented defect polarization P_D in aged samples can reverse the spontaneous polarization P_S back and result in the double hysteresis P-E loop and four peaks J-E curves. The oriented P_D and resulting E_i in poled-state samples will lead to the asymmetric loops and strain memory effect.     

Defect engineering of ZnO: Review on oxygen and zinc vacancies

ZnO is an important material which has been widely applied in photodetector, catalyst, gas sensor, field emitter, etc. Yet, its inability to absorb visible light, poor charge transport, and low conductivity limit the application of these devices. Recently, it was discovered that introduction of defects such as oxygen and zinc vacancies into ZnO can effectively improve the existing properties or lead to new and unexpected yet highly desirable characteristics. Herein, we present a systematic review on the available approaches to synthesize oxygen- and/or zinc-deficient ZnO with emphasis on their chemical, structural, and electrical particularities. Furthermore, applications of defective ZnO in various nanoscale devices are discussed in terms of their functionality, reliability, and performance. Finally, we summarize major challenges and offer perspectives for further research in this field. We hope that this review would make a valuable contribution to broaden the knowledge of defective ZnO.     

细炻砖铜锈缺陷研究

细炻砖作为仿古砖的一个重要组成部分一直在家庭装修中被广泛应用。在细炻砖的生产过程中,铜锈在浅色版面中容易显露出来,占总缺陷的比例比较大,也降低了产品的品质。本文用XRF对原材料和坯体配方进行了定性分析,用SEM对铜锈进行了表面形貌分析,用EDS对铜锈进行了元素分析。结果表明,铜锈主要是原料中的有色金属杂质引起。通过加强浆料的过筛,降低浆料的细度可以有效减少铜锈的产生。     

Efficient overall water splitting over a Mo(IV)-doped Co3O4/NC electrocatalyst

To meet the demand of producing hydrogen at low cost, a molybdenum (Mo)-doped cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) supported on nitrogen (N)-doped carbon (x%Mo–Co₃O₄/NC, where x% represents Mo/Co molar ratio) is developed as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This defect engineering strategy is realized by a facile urea oxidation method in nitrogen atmosphere. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) refinement and other detailed characterizations, molybdenum ion (Mo⁴⁺) is found to be doped into Co₃O₄ by substituting cobalt ion (Co²⁺) at tetrahedron site, while N is doped into carbon matrix simultaneously. 4%Mo–Co₃O₄/NC is the optimized sample to show the lowest overpotentials of 91 and 276 mV to deliver 10 mA cm^?2 for HER and OER in 1 M potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), respectively. The overall water splitting cell 4%Mo–Co₃O₄/NC||4%Mo–Co₃O₄/NC displays a voltage of 1.62 V to deliver 10 mA cm^?2 in 1 M KOH. The Mo⁴⁺ dopant modulates the electronic structure of active cobalt ion (Co³⁺) and boosts the water dissociation process during HER, while the increased amount of lattice oxygen and formation of pyridinic nitrogen due to Mo doping benefits the OER activity. Besides, the smaller grain size owing to Mo doping leads to higher electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) on 4%Mo–Co₃O₄/NC, resulting in its superior bifunctional catalytic activity.     

基于Word2Vec模型特征扩展的Web搜索结果聚类性能的改进

对于用户泛化和模糊的查询，将Web搜索引擎返回的列表内容聚类处理，便于用户有效查找感兴趣的内容。由于返回的列表由称为片段（snippet）的短文本组成，而传统的单词频率-逆文档频率（TF-IDF）特征选择模型不能适用于稀疏的短文本，使得聚类性能下降。一个有效的方法就是通过一个外部的知识库对短文本进行扩展。受到基于神经网络词表示方法的启发，提出了通过词嵌入技术的Word2Vec模型对短文本扩展，即采用Word2Vec模型的TopN个最相似的单词用于对片段（snippet）的扩展，扩展文档使得TF-IDF模型特征选择得到聚类性能的提高。同时考虑到通用性单词造成的噪声引入，对扩展文档的TF-IDF矩阵进行了词频权重修正。实验在两个公开数据集ODP239和SearchSnippets上完成，将所提方法和纯snippet无扩展的方法、基于Wordnet的特征扩展方法和基于Wikipedia的特征扩展方法进行了对比。实验结果表明，所提方法在聚类性能方面优于对比方法。     

Sensitivity of positrons at hydrogen storage sites in FeCr alloy containing vacancy and helium atom

Here, the storage sites of hydrogen in FeCr alloy, namely (H, He)–V nano-clusters with open volume, have been investigated by first-principles calculations and positron annihilation spectroscopy. The positron lifetimes in the nano-clusters obtained by theoretical calculations and experiments were compared. These results suggest that positron is sensitive to the relative position of the gas atoms decorating the open volume; and a helium atom forms a more repulsive ion core than a hydrogen atom when it occupies the vacancy, resulting in a decrease in positron lifetime. Interpretation of the PAS data was successfully combined with theoretical calculations, and allowed us to determine the defect status in specimens after H/He irradiation with different implantation patterns. The speculated kinds of hydrogen storage sites formed after irradiation are summarized. For the He-ions pre-implanted situation, the helium-vacancy clusters or bubbles forming in advance may recombine with H atoms to form stable He–H–V complex.     

Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Extracellular Vesicles by Proximity Extension Assay: A Comparative Study of Four Isolation Kits

There is a lack of reliable biomarkers for disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and diagnostics still heavily rely on symptoms that are both subjective and difficult to quantify. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a promising source of biomarkers due to its close connection to the CNS. Extracellular vesicles are actively secreted by cells, and proteomic analysis of CSF extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their molecular composition likely reflects changes in the CNS to a higher extent compared with total CSF, especially in the case of neuroinflammation, which could increase blood–brain barrier permeability and cause an influx of plasma proteins into the CSF. We used proximity extension assay for proteomic analysis due to its high sensitivity. We believe that this methodology could be useful for de novo biomarker discovery for several CNS diseases. We compared four commercially available kits for EV isolation: MagCapture and ExoIntact (based on magnetic beads), EVSecond L70 (size-exclusion chromatography), and exoEasy (membrane affinity). The isolated EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, ELISA (CD63, CD81 and albumin), and proximity extension assay (PEA) using two different panels, each consisting of 92 markers. The exoEasy samples did not pass the built-in quality controls and were excluded from downstream analysis. The number of detectable proteins in the ExoIntact samples was considerably higher (~150% for the cardiovascular III panel and ~320% for the cell regulation panel) compared with other groups. ExoIntact also showed the highest intersample correlation with an average Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.991 compared with 0.985 and 0.927 for MagCapture and EVSecond, respectively. The median coefficient of variation was 5%, 8%, and 22% for ExoIntact, MagCapture, and EVSecond, respectively. Comparing total CSF and ExoIntact samples revealed 70 differentially expressed proteins in the cardiovascular III panel and 17 in the cell regulation panel. To our knowledge, this is the first time that CSF EVs were analyzed by PEA. In conclusion, analysis of CSF EVs by PEA is feasible, and different isolation kits give distinct results, with ExoIntact showing the highest number of identified proteins with the lowest variability.     

语音录入系统在针织成品检验中的应用

介绍纺织面料成品检验语音输入系统的方案设计,通过语音识别与合成技术构建语音录入系统,通过自适应学习提高识别效率。阐述通过成品检验环境噪音测试、验布工人声音采集建立语音系统,以及该系统在语音验布上的应用。经过应用测试显示,使用语音系统代替手写录入可使疵点检验率从57%提升到73%。在针织成品检验中采用语音录入系统能够快速录入疵点信息,提高检验效率,进一步简化验布工操作流程,降低漏验和堵布风险,提高面料整体的质量控制能力。