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1.
Membrane separation methods such as electrodialysis (ED) can reduce the volume load on evaporators by facilitating further concentration of rejects from reverse osmosis (RO) plants. ED studies were carried out on a bench-scale system using five membrane cell pairs to obtain a textile effluent concentrate containing approximately 6 times the quantity of salts present in the RO reject. The limiting current densities were determined to be in the range 2.15–3.35 amp/m2 for feed flow rates varying from 18 to 108 L/h. Apart from feed rate, the influence of volume of concentrate and current on membrane performance was evaluated to optimize current utilization. An estimation of energy requirement of an integrated process constituting ED and evaporation for concentration of inorganics present in textile effluent from 4.35% to 24% was made and found to be approximately one eighth of the operating cost incurred by evaporation alone. Detailed design of a commercial ED system revealed that a membrane area of 13.1 m2 was required to treat a feed rate of 1500 L/h. The payback period to recover capital investment was found to be 110 days.  相似文献   
2.
In this study, we investigated the electrodialysis (ED) process for the economic and efficient recovery of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from the hydrogen fermentation broth of food wastes. Among tested operational variables, the volumetric ratio of the feed to the concentrate (VF:VC) was found to be the most critical for the fast and economic recovery of VFAs. Meanwhile, the increase in the applied voltage did not result any significant impact in the enhancement of VFA recovery due to the intrinsic resistance of anionic exchange membrane against to VFAs. The maximum VFAs purity of 96.2% was successfully achieved at the operational condition of VF:VC of 1:2 and 8 V with energy consumption of 0.395 kWh/kg-VFAs.  相似文献   
3.
With the aim of improving the physicochemical and organoleptic quality of the water supplied to Barcelona metropolitan area from the River Llobregat, a pilot plant was built to test the behaviour of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis reversal techniques, in three different designs or scenarios. This study was focused on flavour analyses carried out on several blends in different proportions of water treated by membranes and by conventional treatment. The tasting was performed by trained panelists. The sensory techniques used included acceptance tests (ranking and rating) and discrimination tests (triangle difference).The statistical tools used in the data analysis were first ANOVA and Friedman analysis for rating and ranking tests, respectively, followed by the corresponding least significant difference test in both cases. The results of the triangle tests were consistent with the previous tests.The results obtained reveal the significant improvement in the water flavour provided by both membrane techniques. In some cases this improvement was already perceptible with a proportion of membrane water of only 30% and the blends equalled, or even in some cases exceeded, the assessment of the water from the River Ter, the other important resource of the area and which is taken as a reference of water highly valued by the consumer.  相似文献   
4.
2-Amino-1-propanol (AMP) is a key intermediate compound in the production of antibiotics, with increasing demand in industry. In this study, we propose a newly designed bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) system with a novel three-compartment configuration for the processing of AMP from the AMP sulphate solution. The operational parameters were investigated for optimizing the performance of this novel BMED stack, compared to the traditional two-compartment BMED stack in the pilot scale experiment. The experimental results indicate that this novel type of BMED stack offers a better performance for AMP processing than the conventional two-compartment BMED stack. The optimum performance was observed at the current density ranging from 40 to 60 mA cm−2 and a spacer thickness of 0.70 mm. The corresponding current efficiency and energy consumption reached up to 53.4% and 3.135 kWh kg−1, respectively. The two-compartment BMED stack was found to have a low current efficiency (39.8%) and a high energy consumption (3.864 kWh kg−1). Pilot-scale experiments for an industrial application of this novel BMED stack have been applied, demonstrating that the BMED process is feasible and economically alternative for AMP purification in the industry.  相似文献   
5.
In this work the removal of the nitrate from water was carried out by electrodialysis. In the experiments the effect of the applied voltage, pH value, initial nitrate concentration and duration of treatment on the removal rate of nitrate have been investigated. The results obtained from experiments have indicated that nitrate can be removed effectively applying electrodialysis.  相似文献   
6.
In this study, the removal efficiency of fermentation inhibitors in a lignocellulosic hydrolysate by electrodialysis (ED) and the ethanol performance of ED-treated hydrolysate were investigated. The fermentable sugars and inhibitors concentrations in the hydrolysate differed significantly depending on the kind of biomass and acid catalysts. In the mixed hardwood, acetic acid and furfural in the hydrolysate were high as 8.41–8.57 g/L and 2.68–4.23 g/L, respectively, but 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentration was relatively low compared with that of mixed softwood. The ED process showed the high effectiveness for removing acetic acid and total phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate without loss of fermentable sugars. However, most of the HMF and furfural remained in the hydrolysate after ED. Ethanol fermentation was not completed in untreated and mixed hardwood ED-treated hydrolysates due to the high concentration of furfural. Meanwhile, ethanol fermentation was successfully performed in a mixed softwood ED-treated hydrolysate pretreated with dicarboxylic acid. The maximum ethanol concentration attained after fermentation with an initial fermentable sugar level of 27.78 g/L was 10.12 g/L after 48 h.  相似文献   
7.
Liquid desiccant cooling system (LDCS) is an (a novel) air-conditioning system with good energy saving potential. Regenerator is the power centre for LDCS. Currently, the regeneration process is always fuelled by thermal energy. Nevertheless, this regeneration pattern has some disadvantages in that its performance will become poor when the surrounding atmosphere is of high humidity, and the heat provided for regeneration will be unfavourable to the following dehumidification process. To ameliorate that, a new regeneration method is proposed in this paper: a membrane regenerator is employed to regenerate the liquid desiccant in an electrodialysis way; while solar photovoltaic generator is adopted to supply electric power for this process. Analysis has been made about this new regeneration method and the result reveals: this new manner achieves good stability with the immunity against the adverse impact from the outside high humidity; its performance is much higher than that of the thermal regeneration manner while putting aside the low efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Besides, purified water can be obtained in company with the regeneration process.  相似文献   
8.
Electrochemical membrane reactors (EMRs) with two compartments (EMR-2: anion-exchange membrane (AEM) separated catholyte and anolyte) and three compartments (EMR-3: three compartments separated by two AEMs to avoid contact between the product and the electrodes) were developed for the synthesis of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) from tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) by in situ ion substitution. In house prepared AEM with good physicochemical, electrochemical properties and excellent stabilities was used. Schematic diagrams are presented for the possible synthesis of TBAOH from TBABr by in situ ion substitution in EMR-2 and EMR-3. Synthesis of TBAOH using EMR-2 and EMR-3 was achieved under different experimental conditions and process parameters (rate of synthesis, current efficiency (CE) and energy consumption) were estimated. In EMR-2, relatively slow synthesis of TBAOH with low recovery was explained due to Hofmann elimination of TBAOH in contact with the electrode. While in EMR-3, relatively faster rate of TBAOH synthesis with its high recovery and current efficiency indicated practical application of the developed process for the efficient synthesis of TBAOH without the use of any additives or reagents.  相似文献   
9.
The study showed that desired potable water can be easily obtained by electrodialysis from fluoride-rich brackish water. Studies have been performed to defluoridate brackish water containing 3000 ppm of total dissolved solids (TDS) and 3 ppm of fluoride using electrodialysis. The behaviour of water parameters (ion contents, TDS, pH, total hardness) with electrodialysis parameters (duration, flow rate, temperature, voltages) is followed. Optimal operational conditions for obtaining desired potable water have been proposed.  相似文献   
10.
Current treatment of the remaining soil fines from soil wash is onerous and expensive, and therefore, in this work, we investigated the feasibility of electrodialytic remediation (EDR) as an alternative treatment. The study focuses on EDR efficiency as a function of current strength, liquid-to-solid-ratio (L/S), pH and time. We found out that during the experiments, Pb was easily dissolved by the acidification resulting from water splitting at the anion-exchange membrane. When higher currents and/or higher L/S ratios were applied, it was found that water splitting occurring at the cation-exchange membrane increased the pH, and this resulted in decreased remediation efficiency. It was shown that complete remediation of the soil-fines is possible, with the majority of the Pb being transported into the catholyte and precipitated at the cathode. Based on the results it is recommended that EDR is implemented using a number of reactors in series, where the initial reactor works at the highest possible removal rate, and the final reactor works at the target Pb-concentration.  相似文献   
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