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1.
城市不透水面是城市化程度的重要指示器,也是城市环境的重要敏感因子。联合国提出的城市可持续发展SDG11.3.1指标——城市土地使用率与人口增长率之比(LCRPGR)需要有效监测土地城镇化与人口城镇化关系。针对其监测与评估中高分辨率和高精度城市用地产品缺失,以及低纬度地区城市可持续发展研究较少的问题。基于Google Earth Engine平台,提出一种多时相升降轨SAR与光学影像等多源数据融合的不透水面提取方法,提取了2015年和2018年10 m分辨率印度不透水面。根据人口格网界定城市范围,将范围内不透水面面积与城市人口进行耦合,用于指标计算。研究结果表明:①精度验证结果显示,两期产品总体精度(OA)高于91%,Kappa系数高于0.82,R2值分别为0.85和0.86,并与其他产品细节对比,证明了方法的有效性;②印度总体不透水面面积由2015年的47 499.35 km2增加到2018年的49 944.69 km2,城市平均LCRPGR为0.76,表明其城市人口城镇化大于土地城镇化,城市可持续发展面临挑战。结合空间分析,印度城市可持续发展水平存在南北差异、东西差异以及沿海与内陆的差异。  相似文献   
2.
《Ceramics International》2021,47(21):29646-29652
In the present study, the fatigue behavior and damage evolution of SiC/SiC minicomposites at elevated temperatures in oxygen-free environment are investigated which are important for their application and are still unclear. The high-temperature fatigue test platform is developed and the fatigue stress-life curve and the stress-strain response are obtained. The test result shows that the life of the material at elevated temperature is shorter than that at room temperature under the same stress level. Moreover, the hysteresis loop width and the residual strain increase with the increasing of the cycles while the hysteresis modulus decreases during the fatigue cycling. The evolution process of matrix cracks is observed using the real-time remote detection system. It is found that matrix cracking is insensitive to the cyclic loading which is similar to room temperature and is due to that the degeneration of the interfacial shear stress reduces the area of high stress in matrix. The fiber/matrix interfacial shear stress under different cycles is determined based on the fatigue modulus of each hysteresis loop. The result shows a fatigue enhancement phenomenon for the interface which is not observed at room temperature.  相似文献   
3.
As engine stability is a crucial issue for engine performance and toxic emissions, an experimental research has been conducted to analyze the effects of hydrogen direct injection on engine stability. The experiments have been divided into two parts. The first set is aimed to analyze different parameter characteristics with and without hydrogen direct injection, and the second set tries to find optimal control regions. Excess air ratios, spark timings, engine speeds and engine loads are chosen as primary parameters in the study. The results show hydrogen addition can increase brake thermal efficiency by a range from 6% to 13%, enhancing the lean burn performance. Combustion duration has been shortened to about 80% by adding 10% hydrogen mixture into gasoline. Besides, Hydrogen addition makes the mixture further insensitive to ignition timings, and narrows the optimal regions with higher excess air ratios. Under medium engine speeds, the highest CoVIMEP locates in the low load region for pure gasoline, while this maximum value appears in the medium load region for 10% hydrogen mixture. In addition, the specific value of CoVIMEP with 10% hydrogen is rather small compared to pure gasoline. Thus, hydrogen direct injection can significantly improve engine stability and reduce controlling difficulties.  相似文献   
4.
Vehicular Pollution and environmental degradation are on the rise with increasing vehicles and to stop this strict regulation have been put on vehicular emissions. Also, the depleting fossil fuels are of great concern for energy security. This has motivated the researchers to invest considerable resources in finding cleaner burning, sustainable and renewable fuels. However renewable fuels independently are not sufficient to deal with the problem at hand due to supply constraints. Hence, advanced combustion technologies such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), low-temperature combustion (LTC), and dual fuel engines are extensively researched upon. In this context, this work investigates dual fuel mode combustion using a constant speed diesel engine, operated using hydrogen and diesel. The engine is operated at 25, 50 and 75% loads and substitution of diesel energy with hydrogen energy is done as 0, 5, 10 and 20%. The effect of hydrogen energy share (HES) enhancement on engine performance and emissions is investigated. In the tested range, slightly detrimental effect of HES on brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is observed. Comparision of NO and NO2 emissions is done to understand the non-thermal influence of H2 on the NOx emissions. Hence, HES is found beneficial in reducing harmful emissions at low and mid loads.  相似文献   
5.
《能源学会志》2020,93(3):934-952
Recently, commodity plastics have been shown to be a promising additive to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel, which offers a promising solution to the plastic pandemic. As many environmental and societal issues arise from plastic pollution, repurposing technologies are paramount in order to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A potentially cost-effective approach can be achieved by using waste plastics as biodiesel additives – resonating to the expression ‘to kill two birds with one stone’. However, given the novelty of such investigation, current optimization studies show varying results on the ideal plastic-to-biodiesel ratio as well as the reaction parameters. The difficulty in determining the exact optimum values is due to the many variations of biodiesel properties and the complex behaviour of plastic polymers, which are seldom discussed in review papers. Hence, to address the literature gap, this paper offers the necessary fundamentals of biodiesel and plastic dissolution; facilitating future researches to advance the application of plastics as viable biodiesel additives. Accordingly, the topics covered include the fuel and solvent properties of biodiesel related to its' composition, as well as the polymer dissolution phenomena. Finally, as the focal aim of the paper, a synopsis on the recent advancement of plastic-added biodiesel is presented; in particular, those that are related to the blend characteristics, fuel properties, combustion quality, and environmental impact.  相似文献   
6.
发动机缸体轴承盖是支撑曲轴的关键零件,其螺栓孔尺寸精度对发动机产品的工作性能有着重要影响。通过对所加工轴承盖加工工艺分析研究,并结合用户实际需求,设计了一种用于加工多品种多工件的发动机缸体轴承盖螺栓孔专用组合机床,并对其关键技术作了介绍和研究。该机床的成功研制和应用,实现了轴承盖螺栓孔加工精度和效率的进一步提高。  相似文献   
7.
对某柴油机风扇系统进行了模态和强度仿真计算,并根据计算结果中的不合格项对这一风扇系统进行了优化。通过仿真分析与优化,保证了柴油机风扇系统零部件设计的可行性,并且可以节约.研发时间和成本。  相似文献   
8.
Conventional fuels used for supplying internal combustion piston engines include petrols and diesel oils produced from petroleum. These are a non-renewable energy source. The environmental policy of the European Union is geared towards increasing the share of renewable fuels in the overall energy consumption. An alternative fuel originating from a renewable source, which could be used for feeding self-ignition internal combustion engines are the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of plant oils. The paper reports selected results of testing a 1.3 MULTIJET SDE 90 PS self-ignition engine with the Common Rail reservoir feed system supplied with mixtures of diesel oil and rape oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Tests were carried out on an engine test bed equipped with an eddy-current brake. The purpose of the tests was to determine the economic–energy and ecological indices of engine operation. The concentrations of exhaust gas gaseous components were measured using a MEXA-1600DEGR analyzer, while the particulate concentrations, with a MEXA-1230PM analyzer. In addition, the variations of working medium pressures in the engine chamber and of fuel pressure upstream the injector were recorded as a function of crankshaft rotation angle using the AVL IndiSmart 612 indication system for this purpose. The physicochemical properties of fuels used in the tests were determined using a fuel analyzer. The obtained testing results made it possible to determine and assess the operation indices of the engine fed with mixtures of diesel oil and rape oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with slightly higher ester contents than the requirements of the currently applicable diesel oil standard.  相似文献   
9.
Fuel injection pressure and injection timing are two extensive injection parameters that affect engine performance, combustion, and emissions. This study aims to improve the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine by using karanja biodiesel with a flow rate of 10 L per minute (lpm) of enriched hydrogen. In addition, the research mainly focused on the use of biodiesel with hydrogen as an alternative to diesel fuel, which is in rapidly declining demand. The experiments were carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine. The experiments are carried out with variable fuel injection pressure of 220, 240, and 260 bar, and injection timings of 21, 23, and 25 °CA before top dead center (bTDC). Results show that karanja biodiesel with enriched hydrogen (KB20H10) increases BTE by 4% than diesel fuel at 240 bar injection pressure and 23° CA bTDC injection timing. For blend KB20H10, the emissions of UHC, CO, and smoke opacity are 33%, 16%, and 28.7% lower than for diesel. On the other hand NOx emissions, rises by 10.3%. The optimal injection parameters for blend KB20H10 were found to be 240 bar injection pressure and 23 °CA bTDC injection timing based on the significant improvement in performance, combustion, and reduction in exhaust emissions.  相似文献   
10.
Owing to high specific energy and low emissions production, hydrogen is a desirable alternative fuel. The combustion and emission performance can be improved by hydrogen addition injected in-cylinder, intake manifold and aspirated with air. However, engine loads and hydrogen-air ration have a significant effect on the performance, combustion and emission of the diesel-hydrogen (high speed direct injection) HSDI engine. In this paper, the CFD method is used to calculate the combustion process of a diesel-hydrogen dual HSDI engine working at constant speed of 4000 rpm, at different hydrogen added from intake port (hydrogen volume fraction of 0%–10%) and five engine loads (equivalent to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of its maximum output power), respectively. The modelling results showed that the in-cylinder pressure and temperature under low engine load were more affected by hydrogen addition. With increasing hydrogen volume fraction, the indicated expansion work and in-cylinder peak pressure increased, and combustion duration decreased due to faster fuel-air mixing and spray flame speed.  相似文献   
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