A numerical study on the combustion limits of mesoscale methane jet flames with hydrogen addition

A meso-scale jet flame model was established for the flame ports of domestic gas stoves. The influences of hydrogen addition ratio (β = 0%–25%) on the combustion limits were explored. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, the blow-off limit increases obviously, while the extinction limit decreases slightly, namely, the combustible range expands significantly. Quantitative analysis was carried out in terms of chemical effect and thermal effect. It was found that hydrogen addition will reduce O₂ fraction in the pre-mixture for a constant equivalence ratio. Under near-extinction limit condition, since the flame is located at the nozzle exit, the external O₂ cannot be entrained into or diffuse into the upstream of the flame, which leads to the decrease of reaction rate. However, for the near-blow-off cases, the external O₂ can be entrained and diffuse into the flame, which compensates the difference of O₂ content in the pre-mixture. Therefore, the combustion reaction is enhanced by hydrogen addition because more H radicals can be produced. In addition, as the flame is located closer to the tube with the increase of hydrogen addition ratio, heat transfer between flame and tube wall is augmented and the preheating of fresh mixture is strengthened by the inner tube wall. This heat recirculation effect becomes especially notable in low velocity cases. In conclusion, the extension of extinction limit by hydrogen addition is attributed to the thermal effect, while the increase of blow-off limit is mainly due to the intensification of chemical effect.     

Driving performance and road sign identification by multifocal contact lens wearers in a driving simulator

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare sign identification distances and driving performance metrics in presbyopic participants while wearing multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) and while wearing progressive addition lens (PAL) spectacles.Methods19 presbyopic participants completed PAL spectacle assessments and contact lens fitting and follow up visits before driving assessments began. These assessments occurred in a simulator equipped with a full-sized sedan on a motion platform and a 260 degree screen. Participants completed the driving task with PAL and with MFCL. Participants followed a lead car and identified signs at various distances from the road. For the two wearing conditions, comparisons of the distance along the road at which signs were identified were made using repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-tests were used to compare driving performance for the two conditions.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in sign identification distance between PAL and MFLC for signs 32.0 m from the road side of the road (182 ± 46 m for MFCL; 205 ± 45 m for PAL; P = 0.07) or 51.4 m from the side of the road (204 ± 43 m for MFCL; 216 ± 36 m for PAL; P = 0.3). Only signs 70.2 m from the roadside showed a significant difference (207 ± 42 m with MFCL; 232 ± 39 m with PAL; P = 0.01), All distances were greater than those required to safely stop a vehicle. There were no significant differences in the driving performance metrics between the refractive corrections.ConclusionDriving performance metrics were similar for MFCL and PAL spectacles. Sign identification distances with both eyewear types were well within the distances required for safe vehicle stopping.     

Electrodeposition of the manganese-doped nickel-phosphorus catalyst with enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activity and durability

Hydrogen technology is widely considered a novel clean energy source, and electrolysis is an effective method for hydrogen evolution. Therefore, efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts are urgently needed to replace precious metal catalysts and meet ecological and environmental protection standards. Herein, Ni–Mn–P electrocatalysts are synthesized using facile electrodeposition technology. The influence of the Mn addition on the catalytic behavior is studied by the comprehensive analysis of catalytic performance and morphology of the catalysts. Among them, the Ni–Mn–P0.01 catalyst exhibits small coral-like structures, greatly improving the adsorption and desorption of hydrogen ions and reducing the overpotential hydrogen evolution. Consequently, overpotential at 10 mA cm^?2 electric current density is 113 mV, and the value of the Tafel slope achieves 74 mV/dec. Furthermore, the Ni–Mn–P catalyst shows long-time (20 h) stability at current densities of 10 and 60 mA/cm². The results confirm that the synergistic effect of Ni, Mn, and P accelerates the electrochemical reaction. Meanwhile, the addition of manganese element can change the micromorphology of the catalyst, thereby exposing more active sites to participate in the reaction, enhancing water ionization, improving the catalytic performance. This study opens a new way toward improving the activity of the catalyst by adjusting Mn concentration during the electrodeposition process.     

Structural Aspects of P2-Type Na0.67Mn0.6Ni0.2Li0.2O2 (MNL) Stabilization by Lithium Defects as a Cathode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

A known strategy for improving the properties of layered oxide electrodes in sodium-ion batteries is the partial substitution of transition metals by Li. Herein, the role of Li as a defect and its impact on sodium storage in P2-Na_0.67Mn_0.6Ni_0.2Li_0.2O₂ is discussed. In tandem with electrochemical studies, the electronic and atomic structure are studied using solid-state NMR, operando XRD, and density functional theory (DFT). For the as-synthesized material, Li is located in comparable amounts within the sodium and the transition metal oxide (TMO) layers. Desodiation leads to a redistribution of Li ions within the crystal lattice. During charging, Li ions from the Na layer first migrate to the TMO layer before reversing their course at low Na contents. There is little change in the lattice parameters during charging/discharging, indicating stabilization of the P2 structure. This leads to a solid-solution type storage mechanism (sloping voltage profile) and hence excellent cycle life with a capacity of 110 mAh g^-1 after 100 cycles. In contrast, the Li-free compositions Na_0.67Mn_0.6Ni_0.4O₂ and Na_0.67Mn_0.8Ni_0.2O₂ show phase transitions and a stair-case voltage profile. The capacity is found to originate from mainly Ni³⁺/Ni⁴⁺ and O^2-/O^2-δ redox processes by DFT, although a small contribution from Mn⁴⁺/Mn⁵⁺ to the capacity cannot be excluded.     

调控Al2O3晶型控制MgAl2O4:Mn4+荧光粉中Mn价态研究

Mn⁴⁺激活红光荧光粉是白光半导体发光二极管(wLEDs)领域当前研究热点之一。Mn⁴⁺离子²E→⁴A₂跃迁在铝酸盐中的最短发光波长是在MgAl₂O₄中实现的651 nm发光, 由于其结构中含有形成四面体或八面体配位的两种阳离子格位(Mg²⁺/Al³⁺), 易造成所掺杂锰元素存在多种价态(+2/+4/+3等)。本研究通过改变起始原料中Al₂O₃的晶型(γ/α比例)及退火处理来调控锰离子在MgAl₂O₄晶格中的占据格位, 对其主要存在价态实现调控。采用荧光光谱和紫外-可见-近红外漫反射光谱技术来表征所合成荧光粉中Mn离子的价态及其演变。研究发现, 高α/(α+γ)比铝源促进Mn²⁺形成, 而低α/(α+γ)比铝源促进Mn⁴⁺形成。通过使用高活性纳米γ-Al₂O₃为铝源, 有效抑制了锰离子在MgAl₂O₄中Mg²⁺格位的占据及Mn²⁺离子的形成, 经空气中1550 ℃保温5 h的一次高温热处理即可制备出在可见光区只有Mn⁴⁺红光发光的高纯高亮度MgAl₂O₄:Mn⁴⁺荧光粉。氧化铝晶型影响锰离子掺杂格位和掺杂价态的本质规律是: 氧化铝活性决定实际固溶掺杂反应步骤, 进而影响锰离子掺杂格位和价态。本研究提出的反应步骤调控作为反应气氛、电荷补偿剂、反应温度三种调控方法外的一种新方法, 为Mn⁴⁺激活铝酸盐荧光粉中锰离子掺杂价态调控提供了新思路。     

Effect of different acids during the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde adhesives and the mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboards bonded with them

The characteristics of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives condensed by catalysis with four different acids, namely formic (HCOOH), hydrochloric (HCl), phosphoric (H₃PO₄), and sulfuric (H₂SO₄) acids, under alkaline–acidic–alkaline conditions at a molar ratio F/U = 1.12 were studied. The thermal curing properties of UF adhesives catalyzed with acid were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry at 10 °C/min heating rate. The resin structure examined by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy showed that the resin catalyzed with HCl had a lower proportion of methylol groups, resulting in a lower level of formaldehyde emission. It was interesting to note that HCOOH resulted in the best overall mechanical properties of the medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels. The HCl catalyst resulted in the poorest performance, providing the lowest internal bond strength, modulus of elasticity, and thickness swelling, with the exception of the free formaldehyde content. The resin catalyzed with H₂SO₄ had the highest free formaldehyde and the highest formaldehyde emission. H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄ resulted in MDF mechanical properties relatively lower than for HCOOH. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47256.     

Synthesis,structure, CO oxidation,and H2 production activities of CaCu3−xMnxTi4−xMnxO12 (x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0)

Synthesis of nanocrystalline pristine and Mn-doped calcium copper titanate quadruple perovskites, CaCu_3?xMn_xTi_4?xMn_xO₁₂ (x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0) by modified citrate solution combustion method has been reported. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns attest the phase purity of the perovskite materials. Average particle sizes of all the materials obtained from the Scherrer's formula are in the range of 55–70 nm. The specific surface areas for all the perovskites obtained from BET isotherms are found to be low as expected for the condensed oxide systems and fall in the range of 13–17 m² g^?1. Transmission electron microscopy studies show a reduction in particle size of CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ with increase in Mn doping. Ca and Ti are present in +2 and +4 oxidation states in all the materials as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Cu²⁺ gets reduced in CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ with higher Mn content. Mn is observed to be present only in +3 oxidation state. All the materials have been examined to be active in CO oxidation as well as H₂ production from methanol steam reforming. CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ with ~14 at.% Mn is found to show best catalytic activities among these materials. A comprehensive analysis of the catalytic activities of these perovskites toward CO oxidation and H₂ production from MSR reveal the cooperative activity of copper-manganese in the doped perovskites and it is more effective at lower manganese content.     

镍钴锰酸锂正极材料 LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2的制备方法和研究进展

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2很好的构成了LiNiO2/LiCoO2/LiMnO2三类材料的固溶体系，兼容了三种材料的优点且弥补了上述材料作为正极材料的不足，是备受欢迎的锂电池正极材料。详细叙述了该正极材料的结构特征和电化学反应特征及近几年国内外对111型镍钴锰酸锂正极材料的研究进展，介绍了固相法，共沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法等方法的原理和特点，并阐述了掺杂和包覆改性对正极材料电化学性能的影响。     

Effects of CuO addition on the sinterability and electric properties in PbNb2O6-based ceramics

PbNb₂O₆ (PN)-based ceramics with tungsten bronze structure are promising piezoelectric materials in high-temperature devices such as piezoelectric vibration transducers. However, the PN-based ceramics usually exhibit a low bulk density, which greatly limits their practical applications. In this work, CuO was used as the sintering aid to form a liquid-phase bridge, leading to an obvious increase of the bulk density of PN-based ceramics by 11% (from 5.25 to 5.85 g cm⁻³) and the improvement of the piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) (from 168 to 190 pC/N) and the Curie temperature (T_C) from 367 to 395 °C. The positive influence of CuO on densification has been proved by SEM and fracture toughness. The XRD patterns confirmed that there was no secondary phase introduced by CuO addition. The Raman spectra revealed that part of Cu²⁺ ions has probably diffused into host lattice of the PN and preferred to occupy on A-sites. These results not only demonstrate the high potential of the CuO added PN-based ceramics for high-temperature piezoelectric applications, but also reveal the corresponding structure-properties relationship as well as provide a way to improve the sinterability, d₃₃, and T_C simultaneously.     

动物源性食品中非法使用药物残留检测方法的研究进展

动物性食品可为人类提供丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质和维生素,是人类饮食中不可缺少的部分。随着人类生活水平的逐步提高,人们对动物源性食品的安全问题也越来越重视,而非法使用药物残留也一直是重要的影响因素之一。药物残留不仅会给消费者带来潜在危害,残留毒性和耐药性也会对食物和环境有显著影响。故本文综述了当前国内外关于动物源性食品中非法使用药物残留的原因、危害和药物种类,介绍了药物残留的常用检测方法,以期为加大动物源性食品中非法使用药物残留检测的力度和精度,以及从源头控制动物源性食品安全提供一定的理论指导依据。