Optimisation of cobalt-based hardfacing in carbon steel using the fuzzy analysis for the robust design

In this paper, we present the application of the fuzzy logic analysis to a Taguchi orthogonal experiment for developing a robust model with high efficiency in multiple performance characteristics (MPCs) of the plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW) hardfacing process. It eliminates uncertain information and is a simple, effective, and efficient approach. A fuzzy logic system is used to simultaneously investigate relationships between various MPCs and to determine the efficiency of each trial of the Taguchi experiments. From the fuzzy inference process, we are able to determine the optimal setting of factor-levels for the MPCs. In addition, we also use the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant factors, which coincide with findings from the fuzzy logic analysis and are found to account for about 79% of the total variance. Furthermore, a confirmation experiment of the optimal process is conducted, and it verifies that both individual performance characteristics and MPCs are successfully optimized and satisfy our desired levels of MPCs.     

两种Ni-Cr-B-Si系合金等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度的研究

采用等离子堆焊技术在304L不锈钢表面堆焊Ni-Cr-B-Si合金粉末熔覆层。应用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、X-射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等测试手段,研究两种Ni-Cr-B-Si系合金成分等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度。结果表明:堆焊合金层组织由γ-Ni树枝晶和树枝晶间多元共晶组成;Cr,C,B和Si元素含量增加,树枝状组织含量大幅减少,碳化物和硼化物含量显著增加。硬度测试结果表明:硼化物和碳化物含量增大使得堆焊层硬度显著提高。     

[机械装备再制造]曲轴再制造耐磨熔覆层工艺参数优化

为了利用等离子喷焊技术对磨损曲轴进行再制造修复,采用正交试验优化等离子喷焊制备耐磨熔覆层的工艺参数。在45钢样件表面制备了Ni60耐磨熔覆层,研究了多因素作用下喷焊电流、喷焊速度和送粉流量对熔覆层显微硬度、磨损体积的影响规律;采用单因素试验对最优工艺参数下制备的熔覆层性能进行了验证与表征,并成功应用到磨损曲轴的再制造修复中。结果表明：在一定范围内,送粉流量是影响熔覆层显微硬度和磨损体积的最显著因素,且随着送粉流量的增加,熔覆层显微组织由柱状晶向树枝晶、等轴晶转变,组织性能得到改善,显微硬度和耐磨性也显著提升;最优工艺参数为喷焊电流100A,喷焊速度70mm/min,送粉流量22g/min;使用最优工艺参数再制造修复的曲轴主轴颈表面质量良好。     

球形碳化钨增强钴基堆焊涂层的组织及低温耐磨性

目的提升低温钢的摩擦磨损性能,为极地特殊船板的焊补和延寿技术提供试验依据。方法利用等离子转移弧技术,在低温钢E32表面堆焊制备3组球形不同碳化钨含量的钴基涂层,比较该改性涂层和E32钢在低温条件下(–20℃)的摩擦磨损性能。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、3D光学轮廓仪等研究手段,分析碳化钨含量对堆焊层耐磨损性能和显微组织的影响规律,并揭示其耐磨损机理。结果在载荷为50 N、滑动速度为20 mm/s条件下,经2 h干滑动摩擦磨损后,3组涂层较低温钢E32的摩擦系数和体积磨损率均下降,磨痕的宽度和深度均变小。富含WC、W₂C增强相以及Cr₂₃C₆、Cr₇C₃、Co₆W₆C和Fe₆W₆C等碳化物硬质相的涂层,显著提升了E32钢的硬度和低温耐磨性。涂层的低温耐磨性能随着碳化钨含量的增大而提高,未添加碳化钨的涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,当碳化钨的质量分数为30%和60%时,主要磨损机理为三体磨粒磨损。结论通过在E32钢表面进行等离子转移弧堆焊,得到了结构致密、高硬度和抗低温耐磨性的球形碳化钨增强钴基表面改性涂层,在一定程度上提升了低温钢的服役寿命。     

焊接参数对Ni60合金等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度的影响

采用等离子堆焊技术在Z2CN18-10不锈钢表面堆焊Ni60合金粉末熔覆层。应用扫描电镜、电子探针、X-射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等测试手段,研究焊接电流和送粉速度对Ni60合金等离子堆焊层组织结构和显微硬度的影响。结果表明:堆焊层显微硬度较基材有明显提高,并且在熔合区域出现明显的硬度过渡和元素扩散区。焊接电流为110A时堆焊层显微硬度为630HV。随着焊接电流增大或送粉速度降低,堆焊层硬度和熔合区硬度梯度均明显降低。堆焊层出现了明显的组织梯度,包括熔合区、近熔合区树枝晶区(针状、条状、小花状)和近表层等轴晶区(块状、片状)。焊接电流增加,近表面区域小花状共晶结构并未消失,体积含量增大。送粉速度降低,堆焊层近熔合线区域针状结构变粗大。送粉速度为6g/min时,堆焊层中部区域出现了具有方向性的长条状和分离的块状硼化物。     

Influence of alloy chemistry on microstructure and properties in NiCrBSi overlay coatings deposited by plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW)

The microstructures and performance of two NiCrBSi alloy overlays deposited by plasma transferred arc welding are studied. The coatings consist of a γ-Ni primary dendritic phase with harder Ni + Ni₃B or Ni + Ni₃Si eutectics and Cr-based particles (CrB, Cr₃C₂, and Cr₇C₃) situated at the interdendritic regions. It was found that the volume fraction of the soft primary dendritic phase drastically decreased and the proportion of chromium borides and carbides increased with an increase of C, B, Si, and Cr content. Microhardness testing revealed that the primary Ni dendrite, interdendritic, and Cr-particle phases had average hardness values of 405, 860, and 1200 HV respectively. An increase in the volume fraction of hard eutectics and Cr-particles lead to a substantial increase in hardness and wear resistance.     

等离子弧堆焊镍基球形碳化钨涂层摩擦磨损研究

目的采用等离子转移弧堆焊技术制成镍基球形碳化钨复合涂层,研究碳化钨含量对复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响,以用于实际生产开发。方法碳化钨质量分数分别为20%、30%、50%、60%的镍基混合粉末通过等离子堆焊方法制备成复合涂层,并采用Bruker公司生产的万能摩擦磨损试验机对镍基碳化钨复合涂层的侧面进行摩擦磨损性能测试。对各组涂层的表面形貌、摩擦系数、划痕横截面积及磨损面的微观形貌进行对比分析,探究碳化钨的含量对复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果等离子转移弧堆焊镍基球形碳化钨复合涂层的耐磨性能随着碳化钨含量的增大而增大,同时近熔合区基体的耐磨性能也不断提高。当碳化钨质量分数小于50%时,主要发生的是粘着磨损和氧化磨损;当碳化钨质量分数大于50%时,主要发生的是粘着磨损和磨料磨损。结论由于碳化钨的存在以及增强相的不断生成,随着碳化钨含量的增大,复合涂层的磨损性能不断提高。出于性能和成本考虑,当碳化钨质量分数为50%时更适合实际应用。     

Characteristics of TiC dendrites in as solidified Ti–Al–C alloys

Abstract

Results are reported on the dendrite secondary arm spacing of a series of as cast Ti–C and Ti–Al–C alloys in the composition range up to 10 at.-%C and 15 at.-%Al. The presence of Al leads to a significant decrease in the dendrite spacing, an effect of potential interest for improving mechanical properties. The structural refinement is attributed mainly to the slower diffusion of Al as compared with carbon, in the solute partitioning required for coarsening of dendrite arms.     

等离子堆焊球形碳化钨颗粒增强镍基合金堆焊层的组织与性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在304L不锈钢表面上堆焊碳化钨颗粒增强镍基合金层。研究了不同碳化钨颗粒含量对堆焊层组织形态、显微硬度的影响。结果表明,堆焊层组织包括树枝晶和枝晶间多元共晶组织;堆焊层中初始碳化钨颗粒沉积在堆焊层底部,堆焊层顶部无碳化钨区域出现新的鱼骨状和块状结构。在堆焊过程中,碳化钨颗粒发生熔解并与镍基合金元素相互作用形成低熔点共晶组织,以块状和长片状析出。随碳化钨含量增加,堆焊层平均硬度增加,堆焊层顶部鱼骨状和块状结构对堆焊层硬度没有影响。     

Effect of dilution on the behavior of solidification cracking in PTAW overlay deposit on Ni-Base superalloys

In this study, the effects of dilution on the solidification cracking susceptibility of PTAW (Plasma Transferred Arc Welding) Inconel 625 and 718 overlay on Nimonic 80A were observed. In order to evaluate solidification cracking susceptibility, the Varestraint test was utilized. A possible mechanism of solidification cracking was suggested on the basis of microstructural examination and thermal analysis. The present study showed that the solidification temperature range and the amount and distribution of γ/NbC and γ/Laves eutectic phases formed along the solidification grain boundaries. As dilution increased, the C/Nb ratio increased and the amount of eutectic phases decreased. In addition, the solidification temperature range decreased with increasing dilution in each overlay.