Ultrasonic-assisted wetting and soldering of AlN ceramic by using a nonactive solder (Sn9Zn) in air

AlN ceramic was successfully wetted and then joined with nonactive Sn9Zn eutectic solder assisted by ultrasonication in air. The effect of ultrasonic time on the formation of joint was studied. Results indicated that the defect-free joint can be obtained at an ultrasonic time of 5 s. Two regions, namely, AlN/Sn (s,_s) and AlN/Zn (s,_s), were found in the bonding interface. Zn and O accumulated in the AlN/Sn (s,_s) interface. An amorphous and nanocrystalline layer of ZnO formed in the hard-wet AlN surface. And Zn (s,_s) directly bonded with AlN. The low temperature and fast bonding of the AlN was attributed to the high pressure and temperature caused by cavitation effect. The shear strength of the joint increased from 10.6 MPa to 30.7 MPa when the ultrasonic treatment time increased from 5 s to 150 s. With the prolongation of ultrasonic time, more AlN ceramic particles entered the solder and acted as the reinforcing phase.     

Pulsed current-driven wetting of 3YSZ by liquid Cu and its mechanisms

The wettability of 3 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (3YSZ) by molten Cu can be greatly improved by applying pulsed currents at 1373 K. The improvement was closely related to current polarity and influenced by duty cycle and frequency. When the Cu/3YSZ interface was under cathodic condition, the wettability was mainly improved by the formation of substoichiometric ZrO_2-δ and metallic Zr at the interface. Increasing duty cycle caused the interface to change from forming protrusions to creating depression. Decreasing frequency further deepened the depression. In the opposite polarity, the adsorption and enrichment of oxygen reduced the solid-liquid and liquid-vacuum interfacial energies, thus improving the wettability. Only bubbles formed at the interface. The larger the duty cycle, the more rapidly bubbles formed and escaped. The effect of frequency at this polarity was weak. Overall, this work provides a novel and effective strategy for tailoring the wettability and interfacial chemistry between zirconia and metals.     

Influence of soil density on gas permeability and water retention in soils amended with in-house produced biochar

Biochar has been used as an environment-friendly enhancer to improve the hydraulic properties(e.g.suction and water retention) of soil.However,variations in densities alter the properties of the soil-biochar mix.Such density variations are observed in agriculture(loosely compacted) and engineering(densely compacted) applications.The influence of biochar amendment on gas permeability of soil has been barely investigated,especially for soil with diffe rent densities.The maj or obj ective of this study is to investigate the water retention capacity,and gas permeability of biochar-amended soil(BAS) with different biochar contents under varying degree of compaction(DOC) conditions.In-house produced novel biochar was mixed with the soil at different amendment rates(i.e.biochar contents of 0%,5% and 10%).All BAS samples were compacted at three DOCs(65%,80% and 95%) in polyvinyl chloride(PVC)tubes.Each soil column was subjected to drying-wetting cycles,during which soil suction,water content,and gas permeability were measured.A simplified theoretical framework for estimating the void ratio of BAS was proposed.The experimental results reveal that the addition of biochar significantly decreased gas permeability k_g as compared with that of bare soil(BS).However,the addition of 5%biochar is found to be optimum in decreasing kg with an increase of DOC(i.e.k_(g,65%) k_(g,80%) k_(g,95%)) at a relatively low suction range(200 kPa) because both biochar and compaction treatment reduce the connected pores.     

基于遗传运算法QSPR模型预测润滑剂在铜箔表面的润湿能力

采用静态悬滴法研究了润滑剂中脂肪酸、醇类和酯类添加剂在压延铜箔表面的接触角和润湿行为。利用半经验的量子化学方法计算了这些化合物的一些结构参数对其接触角进行了研究。利用遗传运算(GFA)统计分析方法，通过分子折射率和几种结构参数研究了其定量结构-性质关系。结果表明计算的量子参数可用于预测润滑剂在压延铜箔表面的接触角和润湿能力。这些润滑剂的接触角是其粘度、界面张力和物理化学参数的函数。其中起到主要作用的参数中，分子的折射率、分子的折射率、分子的弹性、总分子质量、溶剂表面积、元素计数、总能量和偶极子最关键。值得注意的是，润滑剂在压延铜箔表面的研究使润湿理论能精确到微观尺度，这为预测润滑剂在压延铜箔表面的润湿能力提供了新的见解。     

Wetting,infiltration and interaction behavior of CMAS towards columnar YSZ coatings deposited by plasma spray physical vapor

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) or plasma spray (PS) usually suffer from molten calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) attack. In this study, columnar structured YSZ coatings were fabricated by plasma spray physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). The coatings were CMAS-infiltrated at 1250?°C for short terms (1, 5, 30?min). The wetting and spreading dynamics of CMAS melt on the coating surface was in-situ investigated using a heating microscope. The results indicate that the spreading evolution of CMAS melt can be described in terms of two stages with varied time intervals and spreading velocities. Besides, the PS-PVD columnar coating (～100?μm thick) was fully penetrated by CMAS melt within 1?min. After the CMAS attack for 30?min, the original feathered-YSZ grains (tetragonal phase) in both PS-PVD and EB-PVD coatings were replaced by globular shaped monoclinic ZrO₂ grains in the interaction regions.     

Al-Si3N4材料浸渗工艺研究

用β-Si3N4纳米颗粒浆料浸渍多孔聚合物材料,通过加热烧蚀掉聚合物,制备出三维空间连续网络结构预制块体,再通过无压浸渗将已熔炼好的铝液浸渗到预制体中,成功制备出陶瓷与金属相互贯穿的Si3N4/Al金属基复合材料。利用座滴定法测试了Al在Si3N4基片上的润湿角,探讨了其浸渗机理,分析了润湿角、浸渗力、浸渗温度和浸渗时间对Si3N4/Al金属基复合材料浸渗行为的影响。     

Wetting behavior of eutectic Al–Si droplets on zinc coated steel substrates

Transient spreading behavior, joint properties and metallurgical compositions are investigated for different hot-dip and electro-galvanized zinc coatings. The main focus is set on the effect of coating thicknesses and droplet size. While most of the droplets are observed on surfaces at room temperature, the case of pre-heated substrates is also accounted for. Both the coating thickness and the droplet size have little effect on the resulting wetting angle compared to the effect of preheating or the absence of a coating. The transient spreading behavior significantly differs for different coating types. The coating thickness affects heat transfer into the substrate during the initial stage of wetting. The metallurgical composition shows that the coating is removed over a broad interfacial area, while it accumulates at the toe of the deposited braze metal most likely due to fluid dynamic effects.     

Maximum Spreading of Urea Water Solution during Drop Impingement

Droplet impingement of urea water solution (UWS) is a common source for liquid film and solid deposits formed in the tailpipe of diesel engines. In order to better understand and predict wetting phenomena on the tailpipe wall, this study focuses on droplet spreading dynamics of urea water solution. Impingement of single droplets is investigated under defined conditions by high‐speed imaging using shadowgraphy technique. The experimental studies are complemented by numerical simulations with a phase‐field method. Computational results are in good agreement with experimental data for the advancing phase of spreading and the maximum and terminal spreading radius, whereas for the receding phase notable differences occur. For the maximum spreading radius, an empirical correlation derived for glycerol‐water‐ethanol mixtures is found to be valid for millimeter‐sized UWS droplets as well. A numerical simulation for a much smaller droplet however indicates that this correlation is not valid for the tiny droplets of UWS sprays in technical applications.     

Current enhanced wettability of eutectic SnBi melt on Cu substrate

The effect of a direct electric current on the wetting behaviour of eutectic SnBi melt on Cu substrate at 220°C was investigated in the present study. It is found that the application of current enhanced the growth rate and lateral growth of interfacial reaction layer between eutectic SnBi melt and Cu substrate. Furthermore, with the increase in the current, the spread of eutectic SnBi melt on Cu is accelerated significantly and the steady state contact angle is decreased markedly. The reason for these is also discussed in the present paper.     

Euro PM2007 congress and exhibition

Abstract

Threatened with bureaucratic over-regulation under the EU's newly enacted REACH legislation, and other competitive challenges, the large tonnage section of the European PM industry did not seem to be facing a rosy future as it met in the Ville Rose city of Toulouse. Nevertheless, the EPMA was seen as having a key role in moving the industry forward and resisting the pressures from the large end users, low cost (Asian) producers, and competing technologies. Europe still leads the world in the manufacture of hard materials, but China is expected to overtake Europe in tungsten carbide and diamond tools production within the next 3–5 years. European sales of metal injection moulded parts continue to grow strongly, doubling in value to E140 million between 1997 and 2003. PM research in Europe is very active, with 40 universities and institutes and over 500 researchers involved. These provided the large majority of the European presentations at PM2007.