Model for microbiologically influenced corrosion potential assessment for the oil and gas industry

Corrosion is one of the major causes of failure in onshore and offshore oil and gas operations. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is inherently more complex to predict, detect and measure because, for instance, the presence of biofilm and/or bacterial products is not sufficient to indicate active microbiological corrosion. The major challenge for current MIC models is to correlate factors that influence corrosion (i.e. chemical, physical, biological and molecular variables) with the potential of having MIC. Previous work has proposed the potential for MIC as a simple product of multiple factors, without fully considering the synergy or the interference among the factors. The present work proposes a network-based approach to analyse and predict MIC potential considering the complex interactions among a total of 60 influencing factors and 20 screening parameters. The proposed model has the ability to capture the complex interdependences and the synergic interactions of the factors used to assess MIC potential and uses an object-oriented approach based on a Bayesian Network. The model has been tested and verified using real data from a pipeline leakage incident that was a result of MIC. The proposed model constitutes a significant step in deepening the understanding of when MIC occurs and its predictability.

List of acronyms: APB: acid producing bacteria; Aw: water activity; BN: Bayesian network; MIC: microbiologically influenced corrosion; MMMs: molecular microbiological methods; NRB: nitrate-reducing bacteria; OOBN: object-oriented Bayesian network; PWRI: produced water re-injection; SPs: screening parameters; SRB: sulphate-reducing bacteria; SRPs: sulphate-reducing prokaryotes; TDSs: total dissolved solids     

Microstructure,anticorrosion, biocompatibility and antibacterial activities of extruded Mg−Zn−Mn strengthened with Ca

To find suitable biodegradable materials for implant applications, Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn?xCa (x=0, 0.2 and 0.5, wt.%) alloys were prepared by semi-continuous casting followed by hot-extrusion technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn?xCa alloys were investigated using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and tensile testing. Results indicated that minor Ca addition can slightly refine grains of the extruded Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn alloy and improve its strength. When 0.2 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% Ca were added, the grain sizes of the as-extruded alloys were refined from 4.8 to 4.6 and 4.2 μm, respectively. Of the three alloys studied, the alloy with 0.5 wt.% Ca exhibits better combined mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of 334 MPa and 20.3%. The corrosion behaviour, cell viability and antibacterial activities of alloys studied were also evaluated. Increasing Ca content deteriorates the corrosion resistance of alloys due to the increase of amount of effective cathodic sites caused by the formation of more Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ phases. Cytotoxicity evaluation with L929 cells shows higher cell viability of the Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn?0.5Ca alloy compared to Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn and Mg?6Zn?0.3Mn? 0.2Ca alloys. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus is enhanced with increasing the Ca content due to its physicochemical and biological performance in bone repairing process.     

医用镁合金表面磷化处理及生物腐蚀性能

采用回归正交试验,确定了适用于挤压态Mg-Mn-Zn合金的磷酸钙盐化学转化膜的工艺条件。扫描电镜观察及能谱分析结果表明,该转化膜主要由板条状晶体组成,主要含有O、P、Ca和Zn元素。由X-射线衍射分析可知,其相组成为具有良好生物相容性的CaHPO4.2H2O。电化学测试结果表明,转化膜可以提高基体合金在模拟体液中的耐腐蚀性能。     

医用Mg-Zn-Ca合金在模拟体液中的腐蚀行为

利用铸造技术制备不同成分的医用Mg-Zn-Ca合金,在470℃对部分合金进行24 h的固溶处理.测试合金在模拟体液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,合金经过固溶处理后其在模拟体液(hank's)中的电化学自腐蚀电位均出现正偏移现象,耐浸泡腐蚀性能也有较大的提高.在模拟体液中,未经固溶处理合金中的最大腐蚀速率达到5.3265 mm/a,经过固溶处理后合金的最大腐蚀速率降低到0.8632 mm/a.说明固溶处理后合金具有较好的耐腐蚀性能.     

TC4钛合金汽车连杆的精密模锻

对两种不含钒元素的新型钛合金(Ti75合金，TiZr合金)及Ti6Al4V合金的腐蚀行为进行了研究，尤其是在体外将0．9％NaCl溶液、细胞培养液及活性细胞等作为腐蚀液，比较了几种钛合金的腐蚀行为。结果表明几种钛合金在自腐蚀电位(Er)、腐蚀电位(Ec)和维钝电流密度(Ip)等方面均表现出良好的电化学行为。其生物腐蚀行为在接近人体生理环境的细胞培养液及活性细胞环境中，与在0．9％NaCl溶液中有很大差异。Ti75合金与TiZr合金在生物环境中比Ti6A14V合金具有更高的稳定性。     

微量CaO对Mg-2Zn-0.5Sr镁合金显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响

本文主要研究了添加0.1 wt.% CaO和0.3 wt.% CaO对Mg-2Zn-0.5Sr显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响。光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)分析了材料均匀化热处理后的显微组织和第二相的组成与分布,发现CaO颗粒的加入使Mg-2Zn-0.5Sr的晶粒尺寸明显细化,而且CaO颗粒机械地富集于晶界及晶粒内的第二相与基体之间。室温拉伸试验研究材料机械性能,CaO颗粒的加入可以提高材料强度,但添加0.1 wt.% CaO时材料的塑性降低,而添加0.3 wt.% CaO时材料的塑性也有所提高,延伸率达到10.9 ± 1.1%。Kokubo模拟体液中的动电位极化曲线表明添加CaO颗粒使腐蚀电位正移。浸泡失重实验表明Mg-2Zn-0.5Sr的平均腐蚀速率为7.55 mm/year,添加0.1 wt.% CaO时腐蚀速率降低大约18.3%,添加0.3 wt.% CaO时腐蚀速率增高大约52%。CaO颗粒对显微组织及机械性能的影响决定于晶粒细化和CaO颗粒在第二相与基体之间机械富集的综合影响,而其对生物腐蚀行为的影响主要决定于晶粒细化及CaO颗粒在溶液中反应对致密稳定CaHPO4保护膜生成的促进作用。Mg-2Zn-0.5Sr/0.1CaO表现出较高的强度和较佳的耐腐蚀性能,是生物医用材料中的一种较好选择。     

Influence of Nd on Microstructure and Bio-corrosion Rsistance of Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca Alloy

将0.4%(质量分数,下同)的Nd添加到Mg-6Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca合金中,以研究稀土元素Nd对合金显微组织和耐生物腐蚀性能的影响。采用金相(OM)、带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM+EDS)以及XRD等手段分析了合金的微观组织。采用静态浸泡、析氢和电化学极化等手段研究了合金在模拟体液(SBF)中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,随着Nd的添加,合金的显微组织得到了明显的细化。在Mg-6Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca-0.4Nd合金中形成了2种第二相的机械混合物Ca2Mg6Zn3+Mg41Nd5。在SBF中浸泡7d以后,较多的此种混合物仍残留于含Nd合金的表面,而在不含Nd的合金中,只有极少量的颗粒状Ca2Mg6Zn3残留在其表面。故Nd的添加显著提高了Mg-6Zn-1Mn-0.5Ca合金的耐生物腐蚀性能。     

我国钢材生物腐蚀研究现状与展望

钢材生物腐蚀是钢材腐蚀形式的一种,是当今最为关注和热门的研究话题。采用文献综述的研究方法,对生物腐蚀及生物对钢材腐蚀及其防护的概念和内涵进行了准确地界定,回顾了我国钢材生物腐蚀的研究历程。对钢材生物腐蚀及其预防的研究文献进行了分类和归纳总结,概述了我国钢材生物腐蚀的机理研究。梳理了我国钢材生物腐蚀及其预防的方法：现场观察描述法、陈述研究法、评述研究法、实验研究法、实证分析研究法、文献综述法、原因分析研究法、预测研究法和对比研究法。综述了我国对钢材生物腐蚀的几个主要研究内容：钢材生物腐蚀的分类、钢材生物腐蚀原因、钢材生物腐蚀机理、钢材生物腐蚀行为和钢材生物腐蚀防护等。对照国外研究现状,客观评价我国研究与国外相比存在的优点和不足,指出了研究的切入点主要在于两个方面：一是没有深入探究多种腐蚀因子的耦合作用机制;二是生态环保且长效的防护技术有待于进一步研究。最后,展望了我国钢材生物腐蚀及其预防的研究方向。     

纯镁的生物腐蚀研究

镁及其合金作为生物医用材料具有明显的优势,可以利用其耐蚀性差的特点,发展新型医用可降解镁金属材料．本文选择纯镁为主要研究对象,从杂质含量、加工处理状态等方面研究了两种纯镁在生理盐水中的腐蚀规律,表明降低纯镁中杂质元素的含量和细化晶粒可以提高纯镁在生理盐水中的开路腐蚀电位,减缓腐蚀速率．纯镁的腐蚀速率可以通过调整杂质含量、晶粒细化和固溶处理等方法进行控制,适宜发展成为一类新型的医用可降解金属材料．     

生物医用Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca合金显微组织与性能研究

生物医用Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca合金的显微组织,力学性能,腐蚀行为通过光学显微镜,扫描电镜,力学测试以及模拟体液浸泡手段进行了研究。X射线衍射结果表明该合金的主要第二相为Mg7Zn3, Mg2Zn3, 和Mg4Zn7的金属间化合物相。经过56:1挤压比后的挤压态Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca合金的晶粒尺寸平均为2.5um,相比铸态的119.1um下降了47.6倍。屈服强度,抗拉强度以及延伸率分别为205MPa, 336MPa 和17.85%。挤压态合金的耐蚀性也明显优于铸态合金,其原因主要为晶粒细化。本文设计的新型生物医用Mg-3Zn-0.2Ca合金呈现出良好的综合力学性能以及耐蚀性。