Use of Potassium for Treatment and Control of Zebra Mussel Infestation in Industrial Fire Protection Water Systems

Zebra mussels, first discovered in the Great Lakes in 1988, have frequently been detected in fire protection systems. However, the potential for large-scale infestations has not been established. It is clear that even small numbers of mussels can cause problems in areas that have small-diameter piping or in sprinkler system nozzles, if shells are flushed down-stream during emergency use.This paper will discuss the development of a method of zebra mussel control that limited interference with normal system operations when used at Niagara Mohawk's Dunkirk Steam Station. Because oxygen is often depressed in these systems and limits mussels survival and growth, it was established that by monitoring oxygen alone, or in combination with veliger or mussel larval monitoring, high-risk areas for mussel infestation could be determined. In previous laboratory research, it had already been determined that concentrations of potassium in excess of 100 mg/L would lead to quick mortality in adult zebra mussels. These results, along with a biofouling risk assessment completed at Dunkirk Steam Station, were used to develop and implement a successful treatment of the high-risk areas in the plant's fire protection water systems using potassium in the form of potash as the controlling agent.     

船舶表面微结构防污技术研究进展

海洋污损生物对船壳浸水表面的危害十分严重,基于表面微结构的防污技术是一种绿色防污方法,不会对海洋生态环境造成任何危害,近些年来得到了重点研究。文中分析了自然界中多种具有自清洁能力的动植物的表面微观结构特征;总结了表面微观结构防污机理研究方面的进展;阐述了几种现有的微观结构防污理论模型:ERI模型、纳米力梯度模型以及SEA模型。对当前常用的微米级结构、纳米级结构以及微纳复合结构的加工方法进行了综述;分析了目前微结构表面防污性能常用评价方法:实船试验方法、浅海浸泡试验方法、接触角试验方法、附着力测量试验方法以及生物附着试验方法。基于细菌、石莼孢子、硅藻和藤壶金星幼虫等典型海洋污损生物,对表面微结构的防污特性进行了分析,提出深入研究海洋污损生物的附着机理和表面微结构的防污机理,进而建立表面微结构的设计基准。多尺度微纳结构的快速精准加工和完善防污性能评价体系,是表面微结构防污发展中面临的难题和未来发展方向。     

生物降解高分子基海洋防污材料的研究进展

首先总结了当前四种生态友好海洋防污材料的优缺点,并简要概述了环境友好防污剂的研究进展。接着介绍了一种新颖的防污策略——“动态表面防污”,并综述了基于这一策略发展的系列生物降解高分子基海洋防污材料的研究进展,包括生物降解聚酯-聚氨酯防污材料、改性聚酯防污材料和主链降解-侧链水解的聚酯-聚丙烯酸酯防污材料。该系列材料可通过主链酯键的断裂形成动态表面实现防污,同时降解产物为无毒的小分子,可避免造成海洋微塑料污染,复配环境友好防污剂可构筑具有优异动/静态防污能力的生态友好防污体系。最后展望了高性能防污体系未来的发展方向。     

循环水系统黏泥细菌群落结构多样性的PCR-DGGE分析

 以炼油厂循环冷却水作为接种水,考察了水质条件对生物黏泥中活细菌数量的影响,并利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术分析了不同黏泥中的优势菌种组成、多样性及相似性。结果表明,在中营养水平下（COD=50 mg/L）形成的黏泥中含菌量最多,贫营养下的（COD=25 mg/L）最少,但是贫营养下的黏泥中细菌群落多样性最为丰富。3组样品之间,富营养（COD=100 mg/L）与另外2种营养下黏泥中细菌群落结构相似性差别较大。所选19个主要条带与其对应的 GenBank 中最相近的菌种 DNA 序列相似度均在97%以上,反映出鉴定结果的准确性。通过16S rDNA 序列系统进化树分析发现,有多组菌种在系统发育上具有相近的亲缘关系,但其在不同黏泥中的优势地位由于受到营养水平和生物黏泥空间结构的影响而各不相同。     

海水淡化反渗透膜微生物污染及防控研究进展

随着反渗透技术在海水淡化及废水处理等方面的应用推广,反渗透膜污染问题显得越来越突出,尤其是不可逆的微生物污染,现已成为一个世界性难题.本文基于反渗透膜微生物污染的研究现状及进展,总结归纳微生物污染过程中三个关键阶段包括微生物粘附、生长和扩散的形成特点,发生机制及其影响因素;全面论述微生物污染膜的表面评价方法及膜性能评价方法如水利参数评价等的优缺点;针对微生物污染膜形成的不同生长阶段分别提出相应的防控策略如预处理、水利运行参数调控、反渗透膜的改性及清洗等;最后提出分离膜微生物污染研究的发展方向.     

Assessing the effects of bacterial predation on membrane biofouling

Membrane biofouling is one of the major obstacles limiting membrane applications in water treatment. In this study, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD 100, a Gram-negative predatory bacterium, was evaluated as a novel way to mitigate membrane biofouling and its subsequent performance decline. Dead-end microfiltration (MF) tests were carried out on Escherichia coli DH5α and B. bacteriovorus HD 100 co-culture feed solutions. Predation of E. coli was performed at either a low or high multiplicity of infection (MOI), which is defined as the predator to prey cell ratio. The MOIs tested were 2 and 200, and the viability of both the E. coli prey and the predator was monitored over 48 h. The higher MOI (high predator, HP) culture showed a nearly 6-log loss in E. coli number after 24 h when compared to both the control and low MOI (low predator, LP) cultures, whereas the E. coli population within both predated cultures (HP and LP) became nearly identical at 48 h and 4-log lower than that of the control. The unpredated cultures led to significant loss in water flux at 12, 24, and 48 h of culture, but the HP and LP membranes showed less loss of flux by comparison. Analysis of the total membrane resistance showed a similar trend as the flux decline pattern; however, irreversible resistance of the membrane was much higher for the 48 h LP culture compared to the unpredated and HP cultures at 48 h. This increase in irreversible resistance was attributed mainly to E. coli debris, which accumulated in the medium after the predator lysed the prey cells. These results show that pretreatment of wastewater using a suitable concentration of predatory bacteria such as B. bacteriovorus can enhance membrane performance.     

不锈钢缩放管中典型致垢微生物致垢能力

以电厂循环冷却塔塔底黏泥中分离纯化出的3种致垢微生物铁细菌（IB）、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、黏液形成菌（HB）为实验菌种,利用污垢热阻动态模拟实验台,在恒定工况下（水温30 ℃,流速0.4 m/s）,动态模拟了3种致垢菌及其混合菌的微生物污垢形成过程。实验测得了3种致垢菌和混合菌的污垢热阻,并对垢样成分进行了ICP-MS和阴离子分析。结果表明：污垢诱导期分别为28 h、45 h、70 h和18 h;污垢热阻渐近值为2 10?4 m2?K/W、1.75 10?4 m2?K/W、1.45 10?4 m2?K/W和4.9 10?4 m2?K/W。由此表明致垢菌的致垢能力大小为：混合菌＞IB＞SRB＞HB。垢样成分分析结果表明：IB垢样成分分析中Fe、C和NO3?含量较多,而重金属离子及Cl?含量较少,说明其具有较强的致垢能力而腐蚀能力较弱;SRB垢样分析显示,S、Fe及Cl?相对较高,且重金属Ni、Cr含量较多,说明其致垢的同时具有较强的腐蚀特性;HB形成的污垢主要以C、N及NO3?为主,且含有一定量的Cl?,表明此菌也具有一定的腐蚀性质。     

Intracellularly Degradable Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymer Capsules

The assembly of low‐fouling polymer capsules with redox‐responsive behavior and intracellular degradability is reported. Thiol‐containing poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOxMA_SH) brushes are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of oligo(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and subsequent ring‐opening reaction of the GMA. Sequential deposition of PEtOxMA_SH/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) multilayers onto silica (SiO₂) particle templates and crosslinking through disulfide formation yield stable capsules after the removal of the SiO₂ templates by buffered hydrofluoric acid (HF). The redox‐responsive nature of the disulfide crosslinking groups enables the degradation of these capsules under simulated intracellular conditions at pH 5.9 and 5 mm glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, capsule degradation is observed after incubation with dendritic (JAWS II) cells. Even at high capsule‐to‐cell ratios, PEtOxMA_SH capsules show only negligible cytotoxicity. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) studies, using 100% human serum, reveal that films prepared from PEtOxMA_SH exhibit low‐fouling properties. The degradation and low‐fouling properties are promising for application of PEtOxMA_SH films/capsules for the delivery and triggered release of therapeutics.     

The control of biofilms in tubes using wire‐wound inserts

As a possible alternative to the use of biocides in industrial water systems, studies have been made on the effectiveness of wire‐wound tube inserts for biofilm control. Comparisons of data obtained at two different empty tube velocities of 0.86 m/s and 1.27 m/s and a Reynolds number of 14 000 with and without inserts, show that a biofilm accumulation reduction approaching 50% can be achieved by the use of inserts under certain circumstances. Further work is required to establish the optimum design of insert for maximum effectiveness.