催化氧化法合成脂肪醇醚羧酸盐的研究进展

详细介绍了氮氧自由基催化氧化法和贵金属催化氧化法合成脂肪醇醚羧酸盐。氮氧自由基催化时,反应温度20～60℃,反应时间3～6 h,得到酸型产品。贵金属催化剂中,钯的催化活性比铂高。贵金属催化时,加入铅、铋等助催化剂,并以活性炭为载体,碱性条件下于50～90℃反应2～6 h,得到盐型产品。在适当的条件下,这两种方法均可使醇醚转化率达95％,选择性达90％以上。     

Comparative effects of cobalt carboxylates on the thermo‐oxidative degradation of LDPE films

This article reports the effect of three cobalt carboxylates—cobalt stearate (CoSt₃), cobalt palmitate (CoPal₃), and cobalt laurate (CoLau₃)—on the thermo‐oxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films prepared by sheeting process. The carboxylates were blended with LDPE in the concentration range of 0.05–0.2% (w/w). The degradation was monitored by techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, change in the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break), viscometry, surface electron microscopy, melt flow index measurements, and apparent density measurements. Studies indicate that films containing these additives are highly susceptible to thermo‐oxidative degradation. Oxygen containing functionalities such as carbonyl and vinyl species are generated on the surface of polyethylene because of thermo‐oxidation, as indicated by FTIR studies. This oxidative process is accelerated in the presence of cobalt carboxylates. The degradation of LDPE was found to increase proportionally with concentration as well as with increasing chain length of the cobalt carboxylate, and follow the order CoSt₃ > CoPal₃ > CoLau₃. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3758–3765, 2007     

羧酸铝对橡胶的增强作用

综述了活性增强剂羧酸铝对ＮＢＲ，ＢＲ，ＳＢＲ，ＥＰＤＭ，含氯橡胶以及聚氨酯硫化胶的增强效果。结果表明，含羟基，氨基和乙烯基的羧酸铝具有较强的硫化促进作用，但加入量达到２０份会出现焦烧。对氨基苯甲酸铝对ＮＢＲ硫化胶增强效果最佳；当用量１５份时，拉伸强度达到最大值。     

石油羧酸盐的磁化降吸附研究

探讨了磁化前后，石油羧酸盐表面活性剂在高岭土表面静吸附规律的变化。实验发现，经磁化处理的石油羧酸盐表面活性剂，在高岭土表面的吸附速度变快，液固比变小，吸附等温线仍有最大值，但已大为下降，从而推断其吸附模式发生改变。     

Lower Irritation Potential of Laureth‐3 Carboxylate Amino Acid Salt

Sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants have been categorized as low‐skin irritation chemicals based on results of previous skin irritation tests. However, detergent‐induced skin irritation still occurs. Detergents with a low‐skin irritation effect are required, since the number of cosmetics for sensitive skin has increased. Therefore, an in vitro method of testing the safety of cosmetics for sensitive skin is required. Skin irritation by anionic surfactants was investigated to determine the effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate (polyoxyethylene lauryl carboxymethyl ether) amino acid salt on skin irritation. In addition, sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants, regarded as low‐irritation surfactants, were also tested for skin irritation. The skin irritation effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate lysine salt (Surfactant 1 ), sodium laureth sulfate (Surfactant 2 ), and sodium N‐lauroyl glutamate (Surfactant 3 ) were investigated using a reconstructed human cultured epidermal model, LabCyte EPI‐MODEL24 6D. Cell viabilities of cultured epidermal cells exposed to Surfactant 1 (5.0 % aq.), Surfactant 2 , and Surfactant 3 were 82.0, 45.0 and 19.1 %, respectively. There were significant differences in cell viability upon exposure to 5.0 % aqueous test solutions of the three test chemicals. The results of the current investigation indicate that Surfactant 1 has a low skin‐irritation effect.     

Advantage of Sodium Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Carboxylate as a Mild Cleansing Agent

Five anionic surfactants widely used in commercial skin cleansers were studied: sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether carboxylate (EC), sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate (ES), sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium laurate, and N-cocoyl-l-glutamic acid monosodium salt. The amount of surfactant from aqueous solution adsorbed into the stratum corneum (SC), the degree of SC swelling, the change of the secondary structure of SC proteins (denaturation). The surface tension of surfactant–zein mixed solutions, and the solubilization behavior of zein were measured. Results showed that EC had the lowest adsorption into SC, the lowest SC swelling, and lowest denaturation of SC proteins. Low interactions between surfactants and SC proteins were also observed for EC/ES mixture solutions as well as. Mixing EC with ES good foaming performance. The EC/ES mixture, at about 1:1 ratio, is an excellent surfactant system for skin cleanser applications having cleansing characteristics and mildness to the skin.     

羧酸盐型双子表面活性剂合成研究进展

羧酸盐双子表面活性剂因其具有独特的物理化学性能及易生物降解等特性而广受国内外学者关注。本文主要对羧酸盐双子表面活性剂分子的疏水链、亲水基及联接基团的键合方式进行了概述。     

Fabrication and Thermal Dissipation Properties of Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Electrospun Poly(Amic Acid) Carboxylate Salt Nanofibers

Polyimides (PIs) possess excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical resistance and can be converted to carbon materials by thermal carbonization. The preparation of carbon nanomaterials by carbonizing PI‐based nanomaterials, however, has been less studied. In this work, the fabrication of PI nanofibers is investigated using electrospinning and their transformation to carbon nanofibers. Poly(amic acid) carboxylate salts (PAASs) solutions are first electrospun to form PAAS nanofibers. After the imidization and carbonization processes, PI and carbon nanofibers can then be obtained, respectively. The Raman spectra reveal that the carbon nanofibers are partially graphitized by the carbonization process. The diameters of the PI nanofibers are observed to be smaller than those of the PAAS nanofibers because of the formation of the more densely packed structures after the imidization processes; the diameters of the carbon nanofibers remain similar to those of the PI nanofibers after the carbonization process. The thermal dissipation behaviors of the PI and carbon nanofibers are also examined. The infrared images indicate that the transfer rates of thermal energy for the carbon nanofibers are higher than those for the PI nanofibers, due to the better thermal conductivity of carbon caused by the covalent sp² bonding between carbon atoms.     

醇醚羧酸盐的绿色制备及其性能研究

以系列直链/支链脂肪醇醚、氢氧化钠和氧气为原料,在自制的Pd/C多组分催化剂催化下,合成了系列脂肪醇醚羧酸盐阴离子表面活性剂,反应过程为一步氧化法。该工艺属高效原子经济性反应,反应条件温和,反应过程不采用有毒有害原料,不产生三废排放,符合绿色与可持续化发展的趋势。同时对系列产品的表面张力、泡沫性、润湿性、乳化性以及复配性等应用性能进行了研究,为其开拓更广阔的应用领域提供参考依据。     

石油羧酸盐及其复配体系中混合胶束对界面活性的影响

为揭示石油羧酸盐界面活性的结构成因,深入研究石油羧酸盐和磺酸盐的复配规律,选取了平均碳数分别为23.16、26.01、28.70的大庆原油馏分作原料制备石油羧酸盐,优选了一种平均碳数和油酸钠碳数相近的石油羧酸盐并将其界面活性与油酸钠进行了比较研究。此外,针对矿化度较高(矿化度11948.4 mg/L)、石油羧酸盐可以在低碱甚至无碱条件下单独达到超低界面张力的红岗油田,考察了石油羧酸盐和石油磺酸盐形成的混合胶束对复配体系界面活性的影响。研究结果表明,平均碳数和油酸钠碳数相近的石油羧酸盐的界面活性远优于油酸钠,其原因是石油羧酸盐由不同碳链长度的分子组成,由于亲水亲油性(HLB值)的差别,长链分子和短链分子在油水界面上插入深度不同,混合胶束的极性基团之间的斥力较单一分子组成的油酸钠极性基团间斥力小,分子间排列较紧密,界面吸附量较大。石油羧酸盐和磺酸盐的复配体系在矿化度较高的红岗油田具有很好的复配效果,石油羧酸盐和磺酸盐复配体系的界面活性比单剂好,达到初始界面张力的时间明显比单剂的短。石油羧酸盐单剂体系及复配体系中的混合胶束均使界面活性显著提高。