Flow conditioning system for tri-sonic high pressure aerothermal testing

Blowdown testing offers a cost-effective experimental tool to replicate the aerothermal conditions in numerous high speed systems. The wind tunnel must replicate the inlet operating conditions, while the spatial and time dependent inlet flow conditions should be assessed carefully. This paper provides a design methodology and rules that ensure adequate flow conditioning in high inlet pressure wind tunnels suitable for subsonic and supersonic operation with mass-flow limits ranging from 1 kg/s to 25 kg/s, Reynolds numbers from 10³ (1/m) to 4x10⁷ (1/m), and Mach numbers from 0.01 up to 6. The quality of the proposed flow conditioning system was evaluated using stereo PIV measurements combined with hotwire, Pitot probe, and total flow temperature traverses.     

恒温恒湿调节箱内气流分布状态及其对卷烟调节效果的影响

  目的  了解恒温恒湿调节箱内的气流分布，验证不同规格卷烟样品在调节箱内的调节效果。  方法  改变在恒温恒湿调节箱内卷烟样品的数量、堆积方式和摆放位置，使用热敏风速仪检测调节箱内特征点的强制气流速度；使用ISO 3402标准规定的平衡判定方法，对不同规格的卷烟调节效果进行了验证。  结果  （1）行业常用的卷烟恒温恒湿调节箱内气流分布并不均匀，各个位置气流速度差异较大，某些位置甚至无法检测到强制气流；（2）卷烟在恒温恒湿调节箱的调节过程中，改变样品数量、堆积方式和摆放位置时，对箱体内各位置的气流强度有一定影响，影响效果并无明显规律，且对箱内整体气流分布均匀度没有明显影响；（3）当调节时间满足48 h时，烟支规格对卷烟调节至平衡并无影响，卷烟样品均能达到标准规定的平衡要求，3 h内重量变化不大于0.2%的判定方法符合国内卷烟调节的实际情况。  结论  该研究结果对生产企业以及实验室研究人员在使用卷烟恒温恒湿调节箱和卷烟样品平衡的验证都具有一定的指导意义。      

Analysis based on EU Regulation No 517/2014 of new HFC/HFO mixtures as alternatives of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration and HVAC systems

The EU Regulation No 517/2014 is going to phase-out most of the refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems (R134a, R404A and R410A) because of their extended use and their high GWP values. There are very different options to replace them; however, no refrigerant has yet imposed. In this paper we review and analyze the different mixtures proposed by the AHRI as alternative refrigerants to those employed currently. These mixtures are composed by HFC refrigerants: R32, R125, R152a and R134a; and HFO refrigerants: R1234yf and R1234ze(E). It is concluded, from the theoretical analysis, that most of the new HFO/HFC mixtures perform under the HFC analyzed (although some experimental studies show the contrary) and, in most cases, do not meet the GWP restrictions approved by the European normative. Furthermore, some of the mixtures proposed would have problems due to their flammability.     

Comfort design and optimization of direct expansion multi-connected radiant air conditioning based on 3D flow field simulation

The air conditioning method based on radiation heat exchange has the characteristics of small vertical temperature gradient, high thermal comfort and energy saving, and has become a hot spot of attention. The Fluent numerical simulation, the experiment in this paper studies the direct expansion multi-line radiant air conditioner under the artificially simulated climate environment in winter heating, summer cooling and dehumidification. The temperature difference of the radiation + fresh air mode at the same time indoors under heating conditions is less than 2.5 °C, and the time to reach the indoor set temperature of 24 °C is about 2–3 h. Under cooling conditions, the temperature difference of the radiation + fresh air mode at the same time in the room is about 0.5–2 °C, and the time to reach the indoor set temperature of 26 °C is about 1–3 h. In the fresh air mode, the indoor temperature difference and response time at the same time are slightly larger than the radiation + fresh air mode. The freezing and dehumidification effect of fresh air is obvious, the moisture content of dehumidifying fresh air is between 6.3 and 10.5 g/kg, and the dehumidification efficiency can reach 50%. Under the same artificial simulated climate environment, the consumption of the three modes is not much different. When the outdoor temperature in heating conditions is higher than 9 °C, the fresh air mode can get better, and the radiation + fresh air mode can achieve better comfort when running indoors under various conditions.     

动车组司机室空调蒸发器气动噪声数值仿真

为研究动车组司机室空调蒸发器的噪声响应，建立某型司机室分体式空调蒸发器的计算流体动力学模型，采用FLUENT中的大涡模拟（large eddy simulation, LES）计算瞬态气动流场。对瞬态流场数据进行傅里叶变换，得到空气流场的频域数据。基于流场频域数据，采用Virtual.Lab的边界元法计算蒸发器的气动噪声，采用声压法计算蒸发器的辐射声功率，并与测试结果进行对比分析。结果表明：蒸发器出口位置气动噪声最高，最大声压级高于56 dB；最大声功率级出现在125~400 Hz的低频段；声功率级随着频率的增加逐渐降低，但在5 000 Hz的高频辐射中声功率级仍然超过55 dB，这表明空调蒸发器气动噪声属于宽频噪声；计算结果与测试结果吻合良好，验证声压法计算空调蒸发器气动声功率可行。     

高等级生物安全实验室通风空调系统冗余设计原则探讨

对比分析了国内外标准有关高等级生物安全实验室通风空调系统冗余设计的要求。结合我国已有高等级生物安全实验室,重点分析了送风机、排风机、排风高效过滤器冗余设计的具体实施形式和存在的问题,给出了冗余设计原则建议。     

基于压缩机-支架系统的异常噪声研究

针对某乘用车发动机转速在1 573 r/min，压缩机开启时车内噪声异常的问题，对样车进行试验分析与诊断，对压缩机-支架系统进行仿真分析，提出改进方案并验证改进效果。利用LMS声振信号采集系统采集振动噪声数据，采用频谱分析、阶次追踪等方法，并结合压缩机-支架系统模态仿真结果，确定车内异常噪声是压缩机轴频21阶与压缩机-支架系统3阶模态频率接近发生共振造成的。通过优化支架结构来提高压缩机-支架系统3阶模态频率以此来避免共振，并换装橡胶驱动盘缓和压缩机输入扭矩波动。将改进结构进行整车试验，结果表明：匀速工况空调开启时问题转速下，车内噪声降低了2.5 dB(A)；匀加速工况空调开启时发动机转速1 500~1 650 r/min区间，车内噪声无峰值，其余转速空调开启时改进前/后车内噪声基本不变，噪声波动趋势平缓。     

车载空调控制器的新型按键旋钮溃缩设计

本文针对乘用车内部凸出物的法规要求对车载空调控制器的旋钮按键溃缩进行了研究和设计，描述了这种新型旋钮按键溃缩设计相对于目前常用的方案在成本、空间、可靠性等方面的优势。根据实际设计结果表明，本文所应用的新型旋钮按键溃缩设计能在成本与空间有限的情况下可靠的满足法规对乘用车内部凸出物的要求，为乘用车内部凸出物溃缩方案提供了新方向，值得我们推广应用。     

Improving the performance of air conditioning systems by using phase change materials: A review

This paper reviews the application of phase change materials (PCMs) for improving the performance of air conditioning systems. The different methods of integrating PCMs into air conditioning systems are presented. Moreover, the effects of PCM geometry, flow, and heat transfer characteristics on the performance of air conditioning systems and the potential use of PCMs in increasing the energy savings and coefficient of performance of air conditioning systems are also discussed. Recent studies on the thermodynamic (energy and exergy), economic, and environmental benefits of integrating PCMs into air conditioning systems are reviewed. Several methods for the preparation and optimal selection of PCMs are proposed to improve the performance of air conditioning systems, and then the challenges relating to PCM properties, optimal thickness, and PCM containers are highlighted. The economic aspects, humidity effect, life cycle assessment, and use of solid‐solid PCMs are cited as potentially important topics for future research.     

广州市老年人使用空气调节设备状况及对健康影响调查

老人的健康与建筑室内环境存在重要联系，为了给适老建筑的暖通系统优化设计提供理论依据，有必要探究室内空气调节设备与老人健康的关系。对广州市104位本地老年人进行了问卷调查，收集了老年人的基本健康信息和家庭使用空气调节设备的情况，包括制冷、除湿、采暖和空气净化4种设备及其使用时长，使用习惯。收集到的信息用SPSS20.0进行了统计分析。结果包括广州市老年人家中四种设备拥有率、设备平均使用龄、设备使用时间以及常见日均使用时长；所调查的老年人健康比例达到55.8%。患病老人中心血管疾病的比例最高，其余为风湿性疾病和关节炎等疾病。相关性分析表明，广州地区夏天家庭采取制冷措施的老人患病可能性更小；制冷设备常见日均使用时长与身处空调区域时长的比值越大，老人患病的可能性越小。