现代铜电解精炼的电流分布

如今现代化铜电解精炼厂越来越多地采用高电流密度。随着电流密度的增加，许多电解精炼厂使用的电流密度已接近极限电流密度。平均操作电流密度接近极限电流密度，就必须维持均衡的电流密度。本文探讨了维持均衡电流分布的重要性，并且讨论了在较高的工作强度下获得和维持优质生产的因素、工艺和实践。     

The electrochemical nucleation of copper on disc-shaped ultramicroelectrode in industrial electrolyte

The understanding of the very early stage of copper crystal formation kinetics and mechanism is very important for both fundamental and applied aspects. Particularly the quality of the industrial electrolytic copper deposit can be improved and better controlled. In this paper, copper nucleation mechanism is investigated in real refinery electrolytes. The main aim is to study the influence of potential, temperature and copper concentration on potentiostatic reduction of copper ions. The model of electrocrystallization is considered on the basis of the equations describing the nucleation controlled by diffusion towards a disc-shaped ultramicroelectrode. In the present paper the rates of copper nuclei formation are estimated under different applied potential, temperature, copper and levelling agent concentrations.     

Thermodynamic Evaluation of Liquid Cd Cathode Containing U and Pu

In our previous study, a mixture of U and Pu was recovered in liquid Cd cathode from molten salt under various conditions of the U:Pu ratio. Two important things were observed. The first was that three kinds of precipitated phase had been detected in the saturated liquid Cd cathode, such as a U metal and two kinds of U-Pu-Cd compound. The compositions of the compounds were roughly (U+Pu):Cd = 1:11 and (U+Pu):Cd = 1:6. The second was that the U metal had selectively precipitated in the saturated liquid Cd cathode under the condition that the U:Pu ratio is higher than about 0.8 in the liquid Cd phase. In the present study, phase diagrams were evaluated by the CALPHAD method on the liquid Cd cathode containing U and Pu. The U-Pu-Cd compounds were modeled as MCd11-type and MCd6-type, respectively, based on the reported binary phase diagrams of U-Cd and Pu-Cd. The calculated result reasonably agreed with the experimental observations. The variations in the U and Pu activities were estimated along with the U:Pu ratio, which is related to the precipitation of various phases in the liquid Cd cathode.     

国内电解精炼法制备高纯金综述

介绍了高纯金的研究意义及电解精炼法制备高纯金的基本原理。从电解电源、阴极板的设计、电解环境、电解工艺、标准状况及主要生产厂家等方面，综述了国内电解精炼法制备高纯金的生产研究现状，并提出了制备满足新国标要求的5N高纯金的研究方向。     

大冶冶炼厂高电流密度铜电解工业试验

介绍了大冶冶炼厂在现有生产条件下进行的高电流密度铜电解工业试验。结果表明,高电流密度电解所得阴极铜外观质量较好,电流密度280A/m~2时高纯阴极铜合格率为98.15%～98.37%,290A/m~2时高纯阴极铜合格率为95.51%～98.29%。     

现代铜电解的优化设计——浅析保尔沃特的METRO理念

在从始极片向不锈钢阴极（PSC）的工艺改造过程中，保尔沃特提出了一种新的电解车间设计理念。在充分掌握老厂情况的基础上，确定选用何种不锈钢阴极工艺之后，对电解厂房进行功能性分区，对厂房进行优化配置。在此过程中引入METRO设计概念，可提升阴阳极片的装卸效率，从而实现整个过程的全自动和全程跟踪。     

铸铅阳极前加锑作业浮渣的工艺矿物学研究

发现了 Cu_2Sb、Cu_5Sb_2、Cu_3Sb、Cu_4Sb 和 Cu_5Sb,统称为锑铜矿系列相.拟按铜与锑的原子比不同,分别称之为二铜锑矿、五铜二锑矿、三铜锑矿、四铜锑矿和五铜锑矿.它们是熔铅加锑工艺的生成相.加锑作业浮渣含铜14.15%、含锑12.80%,其中95%的铜锑以锑铜矿系列相形式存在;据此计算,加锑前多除1000 kg 铜,可减少锑耗905 kg.因此,在加锑作业前实行强化除铜,能大幅度降低锑耗,甚至有可能实现加锑作业的无浮渣工艺.     

Influence of concentrations of copper,levelling agents and temperature on the diffusion coefficient of cupric ions in industrial electro-refining electrolytes

Few data are available for diffusion coefficients measured in industrial copper electrolytes. In the present work the influence of copper concentration (19.9–58.1 g dm⁻³), temperature (20–60°C) and concentrations levelling agents i.e. animal glue (0–5 mg dm⁻³) and thiourea (0–5 mg dm⁻³) on diffusion coefficients of copper was studied in industrial copper refinery electrolytes. Chronoamperometry at ultramicroelectrodes was used as an electrochemical technique. Apparent bulk diffusion coefficients were calculated on the basis of the theory of electrochemical nucleation on disc-shaped ultramicroelectrodes. Increasing copper concentration decreased the apparent bulk diffusion coefficient of copper and diffusion coefficients followed the Arrhenius temperature relationship. The experimental activation energy was 26.8 kJ mol⁻¹. The influence of levelling agents on diffusion coefficients was not strong in the studied concentration range of animal glue and thiourea.     

Evaluation of flow behavior in copper electro-refining cell with different inlet arrangements

The arrangement of electrolyte inlet in the copper electro-refining (ER) cell has a great influence on the local flow field, which affects the distribution of electrical current density in consequence. In order to understand the complicated phenomena of electrolyte flow behavior in vertical counter electrodes in full-scale copper ER cell, the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models with four different arrangements of electrolyte inlets, i.e., single inlet (SI), central bottom inlets (CBI), top side interlaced inlets (TII), and bottom side interlaced inlets (BII), were established to simulate the flow behavior. Simulation results have revealed that the parallel injection devices help to improve the electrolyte velocity between electrodes, and while the relative range of electrolyte velocity in CBI exceeds that of TII and BII, which is more than 4 times, indicating its severer unequal flow distribution. Meanwhile, the average velocity of electrolyte in BII is 4 times larger than that of SI due to its higher turbulence intensity. Generally, one of the efficient ways to supply fresh copper solution rapidly and uniformly into the inter-electrode space is to adapt the arrangement of BII. By utilizing such an arrangement, the electro-refining under high electrical current density is possible, and the productivity can be increased in sequence.     

Zr(IV)在NaCl-KCl-K2ZrF6熔盐体系中的电结晶机理

熔盐电解精炼法是乏燃料后处理的一种重要方法,电沉积和结晶机理研究对U、Zr等金属分别回收具有重要意义。在高温熔盐三电极体系下，以铂丝作为研究电极、热解石墨坩埚作辅助电极、Ag/AgCl作为参比电极，采用循环伏安法和计时电流法开展研究。研究了温度为1023 K时Zr(IV)在NaCl-KCl-K2ZrF6熔盐体系中的电结晶成核机理，通过电化学理论分析和恒电位电解产物微观形貌分析得到锆晶核在铂电极上的成核机理为连续成核，成核长大机理为扩散控制的三维半球形螺旋生长机理。为电解精炼提纯金属锆以及乏燃料后处理的研究提供一定的参考。