Centrifugally spun carbon fibers prepared from aqueous poly(vinylpyrrolidone) solutions as binder-free anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Aqueous solutions of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) of various concentrations (20, 25, and 28 wt%) were successfully spun into fibers by centrifugal spinning. The pristine PVP fibers were annealed and carbonized to produce flexible carbon fibers for use as binder-free anodes in lithium-ion batteries. These flexible carbon fibers were prepared by developing a novel three-step heat treatment to reduce the residual stresses in the pristine PVP precursor fibers, and to prevent fiber degradation during carbonization. The thermogravimetric analysis data showed that the annealed fibers yielded a residual mass percentage of 36.0% while the pristine PVP fibers suffered a higher mass loss and only retained 26.5% of original mass above 450 °C (under nitrogen). The electrochemical performance of the carbon-fiber anodes was evaluated by conducting galvanostatic charge/discharge, rate performance, and cycle voltammetry experiments. The 20, 25, and 28 wt% derived binder-free anodes delivered specific charge capacities of 205, 189, and 275 mAh g⁻¹, respectively, after the first cycle at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹. The results obtained in this work indicate that a feasible pathway towards a large-scale production of carbon-fiber anodes from a 100% aqueous solution can be achieved via centrifugal spinning and subsequent heat treatment.     

Piezoelectric properties of PVDF-conjugated polymer nanofibers

This study presents the development and characterization of PVDF-conjugated polymer nanofiber-based systems. Five different conducting polymers (CPs) were synthesized successfully and used to create the nanofiber systems. The CPs used are polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY), polyindole (PIN), polyanthranilic acid (PANA), and polycarbazole (PCZ). Nanofiber systems were produced utilizing the Forcespinning® technique. The nanofiber systems were developed by mechanical stretching. No electrical field or post-process poling was used in the nanofiber systems. The morphology, structure, electrochemical and piezoelectric performance was characterized. All of the nanofiber PVDF/CP systems displayed higher piezoelectric performance than the fine fiber PVDF systems. The PVDF/PPY nanofiber system displays the highest piezoelectric performance of 15.56 V. The piezoelectric performance of the PVDF/CP nanofiber systems favors potential for an attractive source of energy where highly flexible membranes could be used in power actuators, sensors and portable, and wireless devices to mention some.     

Influence of surfactants on rheological behaviors of polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide/silicon blending polymer solutions

KH550, KH560, CTAB, and F127 were adopted to modify silicon (Si) to improve the dispersity and stability of Si in the polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide (PAN/DMSO) polymer solutions. The influence of surfactants on rheological behaviors of PAN/DMSO/Si blending polymer solutions was investigated by an advanced solution and melt rotation rheometer. The homogeneity and stability were also studied. The results showed that the surfactants could change the viscosity dependence of blending polymer solutions on shear rate, temperature and storage time by increase the steric hindrance of Si. Among the four solutions, PAN/DMSO/Si blending polymer solution with F127 exhibited the lowest viscosity, activation energy and the smallest structural viscosity index and exhibited the trend close to the Newtonian fluids. Moreover, PAN/DMSO/Si blending polymer solution with F127 exhibited the best dispersity and stability, indicating its best physical properties and machinability.     

ZIF衍生多孔碳纳米纤维用于高效电容去离子的研究

作为一种环保节能的新兴脱盐技术，电容去离子技术正在成为替代反渗透脱盐和电渗析脱盐的一项重要的脱盐技术。各种碳基材料被广泛地应用于电容去离子电极材料的研究，然而大多数碳基材料为粉末状材料，需要添加黏结剂，这必将导致电极材料电吸附能力的下降。利用静电纺丝技术，将ZIF纳米颗粒和聚丙烯腈混纺，并通过分段高温热处理过程，成功合成了具有柔性结构的整体性多孔碳纳米纤维。由于其具有孔道结构的分级分布和较强的亲水性等优良特性，所制得的多孔碳纳米纤维在1.2 V电压下于500 mg/L NaCl溶液中表现出良好的电吸附性能，脱盐量达到了19.92 mg/g，比普通碳纳米纤维提高了一倍以上。     

中空碳基材料在电解水中的研究进展

氢能所具有的清洁、高能量密度特点，使其成为一种未来的理想能源。相较于石油、天然气等的热解制氢技术，利用可再生清洁能源进行电催化分解水制氢具有高效和清洁无污染的特点，且获得氢气产物纯度高，具备大规模发展的潜力。而在大规模水电解过程中，电催化剂是不可或缺的元素之一。它能有效地加速电解水在阴阳两极反应的动力学过程。传统的贵金属基催化剂具有良好的电催化析氢、析氧活性，但成本高昂、储量稀缺，从而限制了其规模化地推广及应用。开发新型高效廉价的非贵金属基电催化剂已成为时下研究热点。中空碳基纳米材料集成了中空材料和碳基材料的优势，作为电催化剂，在电解水方面有着潜在的应用价值。本文总结了近年来微纳米结构碳基中空材料作为新型电解水催化剂的研究进展，介绍了高效碳基中空析氧/析氢催化剂的设计原则和相应的设计策略，并对开发持久高效的中空碳基电解水催化剂进行了总结和展望。     

生物电化学脱氮系统构建和影响因素的最新研究进展

生物电化学脱氮技术是一种以电化学活性细菌作为催化剂的污水处理技术，因其绿色、环保、节能的特点而备受关注。本文介绍了不同脱氮技术的机理，从脱氮性能、成本、二次污染大小和污染物转化率等角度对现有脱氮技术进行评价，指出了生物电化学脱氮技术的优势和应用前景；重点综述反应器运行参数、溶液组分、脱氮生物膜的培养方式、生物电化学脱氮系统内菌种构成等因素对生物电化学脱氮系统的影响，并提出了优化脱氮系统的方法；同时总结了生物电化学脱氮技术在处理屠宰场废水、焦化废水和含高氯酸盐废水等方面的应用现状。研究表明：从脱氮系统内不同微生物的角度，尤其是电活性微生物角度探究生物电化学脱氮过程的机理，调控脱氮生物膜的形成和改变脱氮系统运行参数，是改进生物电化学脱氮技术的有效途径。     

Preparation and properties of chitosan/acidified attapulgite composite proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications

A composite proton exchange membrane chitosan (CS)/attapulgite (ATP) was prepared with the organic–inorganic compounding of ATP and CS. The composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties, thermal stability, water uptake, and proton conductivity of the composite membranes were fully investigated. The composite membranes exhibited an enhanced mechanical property, dimensional and thermal stability compared to CS membrane, owing to the interface interaction between ATP and CS. The maximum tensile strength of 53.1 MPa and decomposition temperature of 223.4°C was obtained, respectively. More importantly, the proton conductivity of the composite membrane is also enhanced, the composite membrane with 4 wt% ATP content (CS/ATP-4) exhibited the highest proton conductivity of 26.2 mS cm⁻¹ at 80°C with 100% relative humidity, which is 25.1% higher than pure CS membrane. These results may explore a simple and green strategy to prepare CS-based PEMs, which have a great potential in the application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.     

水性锈转化涂料的制备及性能

采用苯丙乳液与改性苯丙乳液共混作为成膜物质,以单宁酸为转锈剂,柠檬酸为配位剂,焦性没食子酸为转锈促进剂,再加入成膜助剂、有机胺类缓蚀剂、渗透剂等,制备了一种可应用于带锈钢材的水性锈转化涂料。通过正交试验和单因素试验确定了涂料的最优配方为:成膜物质65%,转锈剂5%,转锈促进剂2%,缓蚀剂0.6%,渗透剂2%,配位剂0.5%,成膜助剂1.6%,蒸馏水余量。采用塔菲尔极化曲线测量、中性盐雾试验和盐水浸泡试验考察了漆膜的耐蚀性。结果表明,所制水性锈转化涂膜可耐盐雾96 h,耐盐水浸泡168 h,且耐酸性较强,在pH为2的3.5%NaCl溶液中有保护作用。与两款市售涂料相比,该自制水性锈转化涂料具有更好的耐蚀性。     

锂离子在三维骨架复合锂金属负极中的沉积规律

锂金属具有极高的理论比容量和极低的氧化还原电极电势，成为了新一代高比能二次电池最理想的负极材料。然而，锂金属负极其走向大规模应用仍存在诸多问题与挑战。三维骨架复合负极可以控制金属锂均匀形核，低电流密度下均匀沉积，有望推动锂金属负极的实用化。为了更高效地指导锂金属负极设计和优化，采用相场理论，对三维骨架锂金属负极中比表面积对金属锂沉积过程的作用机制进行了定量分析和探究，发现了比表面积调控金属锂沉积的两阶段作用机理，并提出了基于比表面积参数的三维骨架负极设计与优化方向，从而最大程度发挥三维骨架在调控稳定金属锂负极上的积极作用。