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1.
《Journal of dairy science》2022,105(12):9623-9638
A simulation study was conducted to examine accuracy of estimating daily O2 consumption, CO2 and CH4 emissions, and heat production (HP) using a spot sampling technique and to determine optimal spot sampling frequency (FQ). Data were obtained from 3 experiments where daily O2 consumption, emissions of CO2 and CH4, and HP were measured using indirect calorimetry (respiration chamber or headbox system). Experiment 1 used 8 beef heifers (ad libitum feeding; gaseous exchanges measured every 30 min over 3 d in respiration chambers); Experiment 2 used 56 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows (restricted feeding; gaseous exchanges measured every 12 min over 3 d in respiration chambers); Experiment 3 used 12 lactating Jersey cows (ad libitum feeding; gaseous exchanges measured every hour for 1 d using headbox style chambers). Within experiment, averages of all measurements (FQALL) and averages of measurements selected at time points with 12, 8, 6, or 4 spot sampling FQ (i.e., sampling every 2, 3, 4, and 6 h in a 24-h cycle, respectively; FQ12, FQ8, FQ6, and FQ4, respectively) were compared. Within study a mixed model was used to compare gaseous exchanges and HP among FQALL, FQ12, FQ8, FQ6, and FQ4, and an interaction of dietary treatment by FQ was examined. A regression model was used to evaluate accuracy of spot sampling within study [i.e., FQALL (observed) vs. FQ12, FQ8, FQ6, or FQ4 (estimated)]. No interaction of diet by FQ was observed for any variables except for CH4 production in experiment 1. No FQ effect was observed for gaseous exchanges and HP except in experiment 2 where CO2 production was less (5,411 vs. 5,563 L/d) for FQ4 compared with FQALL, FQ12, and FQ8. A regression analysis between FQALL and each FQ within study showed that slopes and intercepts became farther from 1 and 0, respectively, for almost all variables as FQ decreased. Most variables for FQ12 and FQ8 had root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) less than 10% of the mean and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) greater than 0.80, and RMSPE increased and CCC decreased as FQ decreased. When a regression analysis was conducted with combined data from the 3 experiments (mixed model with study as a random effect), results agreed with those from the analysis for the individual studies. Prediction errors increased and CCC decreased as FQ decreased. Generally, all the estimates from FQ12, FQ8, FQ6, and FQ4 had RMSPE less than 10% of the means and CCC greater than 0.90 except for FQ6 and FQ4 for O2 consumption and CH4 production. In conclusion, the spot sampling simulation with 3 indirect calorimetry experiments indicated that FQ of at least 8 samples (every 3 h in a 24-h cycle) was required to estimate daily O2 consumption, CO2 and CH4 production, and HP and to detect changes in those in response to dietary treatments. This sampling FQ may be considered when using techniques that measure spot gas exchanges such as the GreenFeed and face mask systems. 相似文献
2.
基于ACP100废气源项,对“活性炭加压吸附”废气处理技术(即“压缩+活性炭延迟衰变”工艺),与M310堆型的加压贮存和AP1000、VVER的常压吸附技术进行对比分析,发现“压缩+活性炭延迟衰变”工艺的炭装量同比常压吸附减少75%,衰变容积同比加压贮存减少92%;处理后废气的放射性活度浓度,同比M310和AP1000分别下降47%和93%;二次废物产生量小,二次固废产生量设计值为1.2 m3/a。综上,“压缩+活性炭延迟衰变”废气处理工艺,既解决了现有技术问题,还具备净化效果好、二次废物产生量低、占地面积小和经济性好等优点,在其他工程具备可应用和推广性。 相似文献
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为研究液体介质处理对纳米隔热材料细观结构的影响,并掌握材料结构对毛细管力的承受性,将纳米隔热材料分别在无水乙醇和去离子水中进行了浸泡和常温常压干燥处理。采用热导率测试结合SEM、N2吸附-脱附、光学显微镜等对材料处理前后的细观结构进行了表征,并以Kaganer双孔模型对气相热导率随环境气压的变化进行了描述。研究结果表明,材料固体骨架颗粒尺度和孔隙结构均不受无水乙醇处理的影响;去离子水处理后的材料固体骨架颗粒尺度虽未改变,但颗粒之间的接触面积有所增大,并且孔隙结构发生了两极分化,一部分变大,另一部分变小;处理前以及无水乙醇处理后,材料的孔隙结构均可以等效为70 nm和300 nm两种尺度的典型孔隙,占比分别约为81%和19%,而去离子水处理后的材料孔隙结构需要等效为30 nm和60 μm两种尺度的典型孔隙,占比分别约为58%和42%。 相似文献
4.
气相爆轰过程是一个相当复杂的瞬态物理化学变化过程,目前实验条件还无法观测爆轰过程中的具体变化,因而常常需要借助于数值模拟辅助理论和实验研究。本文以气相爆轰合成纳米二氧化锡为例,将Kruis颗粒长大模型应用于预测气相爆轰法制备纳米氧化物颗粒直径的研究中。通过研究压力与温度之间的转化关系,建立爆轰条件下的颗粒长大模型,计算出颗粒直径并与实验结果进行对比,以期可以通过合理的模型对其直径进行预测,并为最终人为控制爆轰法制备纳米氧化物颗粒直径的大小奠定基础。 相似文献
5.
Numerical dissipation acts as artificial viscosity to make smoke viscous. Reducing numerical dissipation is able to recover visual details smeared out by the numerical dissipation. Great efforts have been devoted to suppress the numerical dissipation in smoke simulation in the past few years. In this paper we investigate methods of combating the numerical dissipation. We describe visual consequences of the numerical dissipation and explore sources that introduce the numerical dissipation into course of smoke simulation. Methods are investigated from various aspects including grid variation, high-order advection, sub-grid compensation, invariant conservation, and particle-based improvement, followed by discussion and comparison in terms of visual quality, computational overhead, ease of implementation, adaptivity, and scalability, which leads to their different applicability to various application scenarios. 相似文献
6.
气态轻烃(C1~C3)如甲烷、乙烯、丙烯分别作为应用最广的清洁燃料和大宗化工产品,在国民经济中占据重要的地位。然而,在其生产过程中广泛存在着分离与提纯能耗较高的问题。金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)作为第三代新型多孔材料,近年来在轻烃分离领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了MOFs用于气态轻烃分离的现状和机理,总结了本文作者课题组针对不同轻烃产物的分离要求,对MOFs进行了精确的孔径调控、配体功能化修饰、构筑吸附位点、调变柔性结构“开口压力”等,实现了多种气态轻烃组分的高效分离。最后,针对低碳烃工业分离过程中存在的关键问题,对MOFs材料的吸附分离机理进行了深入分析,以及MOFs工业化应用所面临的结构稳定性与分离工艺匹配等进行了展望。 相似文献
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Results of a study devoted to provide the pure enantiomers of isoflurane and desflurane from racemic mixtures using gas chromatography are presented. For that purpose, a cyclodextrin‐based selector described in earlier work was immobilized on porous glass beads. The adsorption isotherms were determined and applied to predict operating parameters which provide the highest possible productivity of the separation. The analysis included evaluation of the performance of larger columns applying simplifying scale‐up considerations. Using repetitive batches, the method can provide per day with a laboratory scale column approximately 1 g pure enantiomer. Selected model predictions were validated experimentally. 相似文献