Comparative Analysis of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Growing interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has prompted the advancements of protocols for improved EV characterization. As a high-throughput, multi-parameter, and single particle technique, flow cytometry is widely used for EV characterization. The comparison of data on EV concentration, however, is hindered by the lack of standardization between different protocols and instruments. Here, we quantified EV counts of platelet-derived EVs, using two flow cytometers (Gallios and CytoFLEX LX) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Phosphatidylserine-exposing EVs were identified by labelling with lactadherin (LA). Calibration with silica-based fluorescent beads showed detection limits of 300 nm and 150 nm for Gallios and CytoFLEX LX, respectively. Accordingly, CytoFLEX LX yielded 40-fold higher EV counts and 13-fold higher counts of LA⁺CD41⁺ EVs compared to Gallios. NTA in fluorescence mode (F-NTA) demonstrated that only 9.5% of all vesicles detected in scatter mode exposed phosphatidylserine, resulting in good agreement of LA⁺ EVs for CytoFLEX LX and F-NTA. Since certain functional characteristics, such as the exposure of pro-coagulant phosphatidylserine, are not equally displayed across the entire EV size range, our study highlights the necessity of indicating the size range of EVs detected with a given approach along with the EV concentration to support the comparability between different studies.     

反应堆核-热-燃耗多物理耦合框架研究与应用

近年来随着高性能计算技术的不断发展，依托先进的超级计算机和数学物理计算方法，对核反应堆开展多物理、多尺度计算成为前沿研究热点。根据反应堆堆芯多物理耦合分析需求，研究了多物理耦合算法，构建了基于中子输运、燃耗、热工子通道的堆芯多物理耦合系统，完成耦合程序开发，实现中子物理、燃耗、热工子通道的多物理耦合计算。利用压水堆组件模型与快堆模型开展输运-燃耗耦合计算测试和核-热耦合计算测试，初步验证了耦合系统功能。     

Effects of upholstery materials on the burning behavior of real‐scale residential upholstered furniture mock‐ups

Fire spread and growth on real‐scale four cushion mock‐ups of residential upholstered furniture (RUF) were investigated with the goal of identifying whether changes in five classes of materials (barrier, flexible polyurethane foam, polyester fiber wrap, upholstery fabric, and sewing thread), referred to as factors, resulted in statistically significant changes in burning behavior. A fractional factorial experimental design plus practical considerations yielded a test matrix with 20 material combinations. Experiments were repeated a minimum of two times. Measurements included fire spread rates derived from video recordings and heat release rates (HRRs). A total of 13 experimental parameters (3 based on the videos and 10 on the HRR results), referred to as responses, characterized the measurements. Statistical analyses based on Main Effects Plots (main effects) and Block Plots (main effects and factor interactions) were used. The results showed that three of the factors resulted in statistically significant effects on varying numbers of the 13 responses. The Barrier and Fabric factors had the strongest main effects with roughly comparable magnitudes. Foam was statistically significant for fewer of the responses and its overall strength was weaker than for Barrier and Fabric. No statistically significant main effects were identified for Wrap or Thread. Multiple two‐term interactions between factors were identified as being statistically significant. The Barrier*Fabric interaction resulted in the highest number of and strongest statistically significant effects. The existence of two‐term interactions means that it will be necessary to consider their effects in approaches designed to predict the burning behavior of RUF.     

自然循环条件下蒸汽发生器倒U型管流量分配特性研究

以欧洲压水堆热工实验装置（PWR PACTEL）一回路系统蒸汽发生器为研究对象，首先，基于流体一维流动模型的质量、动量和能量守恒方程建立管道进出口压降以及传热与流体流量之间的关系；其次，以遗传算法为基础开发倒U型管蒸汽发生器流量分配计算程序，采用基准实验对程序正确性和可靠性开展验证；最后，利用流量分配程序计算蒸汽发生器倒U型管管组的流量分布情况，研究管高、管长以及一/二次侧换热系数对蒸汽发生器内流量分配的影响。结果表明，所开发流量分配程序计算结果与实验吻合良好；在选定的自然循环工况下，该蒸汽发生器中长管更易发生倒流，且倒流现象呈现分布范围广、单管流量低的特点；倒U型管内正流流速与管长成反比，与管高成正比，倒流流速随着管长的增加保持不变，与管高呈反比关系；传热系数较低时，总流量与传热系数成反比关系，当传热系数高于特定值后部分管内发生倒流，总流量骤降。      

固态热管反应堆模拟装置热工水力特性分析

热管反应堆具有小型化、结构简单、固有安全性高等优势，有着广泛的应用前景和研究意义。本文采用CFD方法对热管反应堆模拟装置进行了稳态工况下的热工水力特性分析，并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明，热管各测点温度相对误差不超过5.5%，温差发电器热端各测点温度相对误差不超过3.1%，证明了该模型方法的可行性和正确性。本研究为热管反应堆的数值模拟提供理论指导与方法支撑。     

工艺参数对动态流量控制法挤压弯管应力的影响

采用有限元模拟和实验研究了挤压钛合金弯曲管件。通过实验验证了工件的形状和尺寸精度,并通过有限元模拟分析了工艺参数对挤出过程中变形体的平均压应力分布情况和挤出弯管件的曲率半径的影响规律。结果表明:有限元模拟中,弯管件的曲率半径误差为6.03%,弯管直径误差为3.82%;在靠近定径带处,平均压应力呈非均匀分布;在焊合腔内,靠近细分流孔区域的平均压应力小于靠近粗分流孔区域的平均压应力,平均压应力的大小顺序在通过粗、细分流孔前后相反;在模具结构固定不变时,弯管件的曲率半径随挤压速度的减小而增大,不随挤压温度的变化而变化。     

Photo isomerization of cis-cyclooctene to trans-cyclooctene: Integration of a micro-flow reactor and separation by specific adsorption

Liquid-phase adsorption has hardly been established in micro-flow, although this constitutes an industrially vital method for product separation. A micro-flow UV-photo isomerization process converts cis-cyclooctene partly into trans-cyclooctene, leaving an isomeric mixture. Trans-cyclooctene adsorption and thus separation was achieved in a fixed-bed micro-flow reactor, packed with AgNO₃/SiO₂ powder, while the cis-isomer stays in the flow. The closed-loop recycling-flow has been presented as systemic approach to enrich the trans-cyclooctene from its cis-isomer. In-flow adsorption in recycling-mode has hardly been reported so that a full theoretical study has been conducted. This insight is used to evaluate three process design options to reach an optimum yield of trans-cyclooctene. These differ firstly in the variation of the individual residence times in the reactor and separator, the additional process option of refreshing the adsorption column under use, and the periodicity of the recycle flow.     

Reduced‐scale test to assess the effect of fire barriers on the flaming combustion of cored composites: An upholstery‐material case study

Herein, we describe a reduced‐scale test (“Cube” test), measuring the fire performance of specimens including a fire barrier (FB) and a flammable core material, which acts as the main fuel load. The specimen is intended to reproduce a cross‐section of a composite product where heat/mass transfer occurs primarily in a direction perpendicular to the FB. The Cube test procedure and benefits are discussed in this work by adopting residential upholstery furniture as an exemplary study. One flexible polyurethane foam, one polypropylene cover fabric, and 10 commercially available FBs were selected. They were used to compare the fire performance of FBs, measured in terms of peak of heat release rate, in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test and the newly developed Cube test. Edge effects severely affected the performance of FBs in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test but not in the Cube test. Furthermore, appropriate test conditions were determined in the Cube test to measure the so‐called “wetting point,” that is, the time and value of heat release rate measured when flammable liquid products were first observed on the bottom of the specimen. The relevance of the “wetting point” in terms of full‐scale fire performance and failure mechanism of FBs is discussed.     

凌庄子水厂保水堰流量系数试验

凌庄子水厂蓄水池进水口处有一保水堰,为非标准薄壁堰,不能使用已有堰流公式对其过流量进行准确计算。为了得出较为精确的过流流量,按照重力相似准则制作几何比尺为1∶5的模型进行试验研究。在已有自由出流公式的基础上,对自由出流流量系数进行修正并对淹没情况下流量变化过程进行研究。对该非标准堰自由出流流量系数的实测值与经验值进行分析比较,发现堰板槽降低了实际自由出流过流能力。淹没出流的流量系数主要与下游尾水位有关,试验中形成的淹没式堰流受实际堰型尺寸影响,下游尾水位和堰上水位近似相等,不完全适用已有淹没出流流量公式,通过试验给出了修正淹没系数随h/p的变化关系。结果表明利用堰前、堰后水位初步计算过流流量是可行的,可为该工程提供参考,也可为实际工程中非标准矩形堰的流量计算提供思路。     

锆-4在冷却水中的骤冷沸腾传热实验研究

为了研究锆-4在冷却水中的骤冷行为与沸腾传热特性，本文采用可视化方法，并测量了锆-4在骤冷过程中的温度变化。基于一维导热反问题求解，计算得到锆-4表面的热流密度和温度。在骤冷过程中锆-4会依次经历膜态沸腾、过渡沸腾、核态沸腾以及单相对流换热4个阶段，并且分析了轴向高度和冷却水过冷度对骤冷行为以及沸腾传热的影响。结果表明，随着过冷度的增大，骤冷时间减小，最小膜态沸腾温度增大，并且核态沸腾与过渡沸腾传热受加热表面局部特性影响显著，并建立了锆-4表面最小膜态沸腾温度的关系式，对反应堆的安全分析具有重要的意义。