In-situ immobilization of Sr radioactive isotope using nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite was used as the inert matrix for in-situ immobilization of strontium (Sr) radioactive isotopes at room temperature. A nano-emulsification method was applied to synthesize Sr-substituted calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca_1?xSr_x)₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂. The concentration of incorporated Sr was in the range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Immobilization of Sr was evaluated using a stable isotope instead of radioactive isotope. The effect of strontium concentration on the crystal structure was studied and the results have showed that in the whole concentration range, Sr forms solid solutions with the host hydroxyapatite crystal structure. Powders comprised of nanometre sized particles were obtained and their properties, such as crystallite and particle size, changes in lattice parameters as function of dopant content and thermal stability, were further examined. It was found that the crystal structure of obtained powders is thermally stable at high temperatures. No secondary phases were formed in as-prepared powders or during calcination. The results in this study showed that nano-emulsion strategy provides a simple pathway for synthesis of a single-phase Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite, which can be used for immobilization of Sr radioactive isotopes.     

Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Ethylene by Molecular Cu‐Complex Immobilized on Graphitized Mesoporous Carbon

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to hydrocarbons is a challenging task because of the issues in controlling the efficiency and selectivity of the products. Among the various transition metals, copper has attracted attention as it yields more reduced and C2 products even while using mononuclear copper center as catalysts. In addition, it is found that reversible formation of copper nanoparticle acts as the real catalytically active site for the conversion of CO₂ to reduced products. Here, it is demonstrated that the dinuclear molecular copper complex immobilized over graphitized mesoporous carbon can act as catalysts for the conversion of CO₂ to hydrocarbons (methane and ethylene) up to 60%. Interestingly, high selectivity toward C2 product (40% faradaic efficiency) is achieved by a molecular complex based hybrid material from CO₂ in 0.1 m KCl. In addition, the role of local pH, porous structure, and carbon support in limiting the mass transport to achieve the highly reduced products is demonstrated. Although the spectroscopic analysis of the catalysts exhibits molecular nature of the complex after 2 h bulk electrolysis, morphological study reveals that the newly generated copper cluster is the real active site during the catalytic reactions.     

Covalent Immobilization of Tyrosinase on Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile/Polyurethane/Poly(m-anthranilic acid) Nanofibers: An Electrochemical Impedance Study

Polyacrylonitrile/polyurethane/poly(m-anthranilic acid) nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning. Tyrosinase immobilization was performed by EDC/N-hydroxyl succinimide activation. Covalent binding of tyrosinase onto nanofibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance, and bicinchoninic acid assay revealed the amount of enzyme. Nanofiber morphology and composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Nanofibers became smoother and thicker after tyrosinase immobilization. Effects of enzyme on nanofibers were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the data were fitted to equivalent electrical circuit model. EDX-mapping showed uniform distribution of enzyme. The solution resistance and charge transfer resistance of nanofibers decreased after enzyme immobilization.     

醇脱氢酶在聚乙烯膜表面的固定化研究

以聚丙烯酸（PAA）改性的聚乙烯（PE）膜为载体，研究了醇脱氢酶（ADH）的两种固定化路线，并以甲醛为底物考察了固定化酶的催化性能。路线1用聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）进一步改性，使用戊二醛（GA）固定化ADH。最优固定化pH为6.0，温度为5～15℃，酶浓度为1.0 mg/ml，GA浓度为0.01%(质量)；固定化酶的最适反应pH为6.5，温度为15～30℃，反应速率最高为9.6 μmol/(L·min)；重复利用10次后可保持47.3%的活性。路线2以PAA-PE为载体，用1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-2-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐（EDC）和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺（NHS）为活化剂，固定化ADH。EDC和NHS最优摩尔比为1∶0.5，固定化时间为24 h；固定化酶的最适反应pH为6.5，温度为20～37℃，反应速率为15.58 μmol/(L·min)；重复利用10次后可保持53.8%的活性。     

Biodegradation of Ammonia Nitrogen Using a Novel Candida sp. Strain N6 Immobilization

固定化假丝酵母菌株N6降解氨氮的研究

王 凯^1,2，孙亚文¹，李斯琪¹，张瑛洁¹，程喜全¹，马 军²

（1. 哈尔滨工业大学(威海)， 海洋科学与技术学院，山东 威海 264209；

2. 哈尔滨工业大学 市政与环境工程学院，哈尔滨 150090）

创新点说明：

发现一株假丝酵母菌株，具有较高的氨氮降解能力，采用固定化技术，将其固定化后用于模拟生活污水的处理效果仍然显著，表明将该菌固定化后具有较高的应用价值。

研究目的：

将高氨氮处理效率的菌株N6固定化，以期通过固定化的形式将其应用于废水处理中。

研究方法：

从山东威海金海湾排污口分离出一株假丝酵母菌，该菌株具有较高的氨氮处理效率。采用包埋固定化技术将N6固定，考察了固定化N6的氨氮降解能力以及稳定性，通过单因素以及正交试验确定了固定化材料以及最佳固定化条件。利用SBR反应器探究固定化N6的应用情况。

研究结果：

1）当固定化材料PVA, SA, CaCl2的浓度分别为9%, 1.5%, 2%时最适合N6固定化，在此条件下，固定化N6的氨氮去除率达到了97.97%。

2）稳定性测试表明固定化N6具有很强的稳定性，固定化小球在测试条件下未出现破碎现象。

3）固定化N6的最佳固定化条件为：固定化24h，N6接种量3%，pH 8。

4） 固定化N6在SBR反应器中表现出非常好的氨氮降解能力，去除率稳定在95%-99%。

5）在固定化N6的应用过程中，最适添加量为15%。

结论：

固定化高效菌株用于废水处理具有广阔的前景。高氨氮处理效率的假丝酵母N6固定化后氨氮降解能力仍然较强。固定化N6具有潜在的应用价值，将固定化N6应用到SBR中，具有较高且稳定的氨氮去除率。

关键词：氨氮废水；固定化；假丝酵母菌属；脱氮效率