Results of the ASTM field test of tristimulus weighting functions

In 1993, the American Society for Testing and Materials carried out a field test of newly calculated tristimulus weighting factors. These weighting factors had been calculated by a method proposed by Venable. the test also included a method of correction for bandpass dependence put forth by Stearns. the purpose of the trial was to assess the possible reduction in bandpass dependence introduced by each of these sets of weights. A large number of sets of spectral data were gathered from the cooperators in the field test. Results of integration by the various sets of tristimulus weighting factors were calculated. A total of 15 120 color differences were calculated and statistics were derived to test the probable error resulting from each method of correction. Errors attributable to bandpass dependence were on the order of a few tenths to as much as one CIELAB unit when uncorrected weight sets were used. These errors could be reduced to a few hundreths of a CIELAB unit, and in some cases to a few thousandths of a unit, by employing one correcting strategy or the other. an overall mix of strategies was ultimately chosen to minimize the bandpass dependence over the entire range of weight sets. Utilizing this mixed strategy, the median error introduced into 10-nm integration by bandpass dependence was only 0.004 CIELAB units. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Limit load and shakedown analysis of plastic structures under stochastic uncertainty

Problems from plastic analysis are based on the convex, linear or linearised yield/strength condition and the linear equilibrium equation for the stress (state) vector. In practice one has to take into account stochastic variations of several model parameters. Hence, in order to get robust maximum load factors, the structural analysis problem with random parameters must be replaced by an appropriate deterministic substitute problem. A direct approach is proposed based on the primary costs for missing carrying capacity and the recourse costs (e.g. costs for repair, compensation for weakness within the structure, damage, failure, etc.). Based on the mechanical survival conditions of plasticity theory, a quadratic error/loss criterion is developed. The minimum recourse costs can be determined then by solving an optimisation problem having a quadratic objective function and linear constraints. For each vector a(·) of model parameters and each design vector x, one obtains then an explicit representation of the “best” internal load distribution F^∗. Moreover, also the expected recourse costs can be determined explicitly. Consequently, an explicit stochastic nonlinear program results for finding a robust maximal load factor μ^∗. The analytical properties and possible solution procedures are discussed.     

Does the ‘forbidden zone’ for sleep onset influence morning shift sleep duration?

Shiftwork researchers have concentrated on the problems on the night shift, and have tended to neglect the truncation of sleep that can occur before morning, or ‘early’, shifts. We examined the sleep timing and duration between morning shifts of shiftworkers on a variety of shift systems. The extent of morning shift sleep truncation depended very largely on the time at which individuals had to leave home. Further, there was some suggestive evidence that the failure of individuals to compensate by going to sleep earlier was not simply due to social pressures to stay up. Rather it would appear to have depended, at least in part, on the biological clock determined ‘forbidden zone’ for sleep that occurs shortly before habitual sleep onset.     

铸渗质量及其影响因素评述

文章以铸渗法改善零件表面性能为基础，评述分析了近年来的研究成果，归纳总结了影响铸渗质量的几个主要因素，为铸渗工艺今后的发展指明了方向。     

纤维缠绕外压容器稳定性最佳铺层分析

在纤维缠绕压力容器设计中，纤维缠绕的方向及各方向纤维用量配比是关键问题。过去的研究中，这一问题一直没能得到很好地解决，特别是各方向纤维用量问题。本文在文献［１～４］的基础上，以加权因子和铺设角为参量给出了对称多层正交各向异性外压容器筒体失稳的最佳铺层理论值。得出了加权因子ｓ取最佳值的范围为０＜ｓ＜０．２５的结论。文中算例表明，按最佳取值给出的临界压力较其它情况有较大幅度的提高。     

嵌岩灌注桩的竖向承载力研究

结合实测和试验资料，从理论上分析嵌岩灌注桩竖向承载力问题，及其各种影响因素。归纳总结了确定嵌岩灌注桩的承载力方法。     

燃料油硫含量分析准确度影响因素的探讨

研究了硫含量测定的影响因素，探讨了提高汽油中硫含量分析准确度的主要措施．试验结果表明：通过选取适宜的取样量，合适的灯芯疏密、粗细程度和灯芯位置高度及灯芯管内径，调节气流的大小，控制好火焰的形状和大小，可使燃料油中硫含量分析的准确度得到显著提高。     

影响小型泵站效率的因素浅析

我国的泵站尤其是小型泵站数量大，分布广，但小型泵站的效率普遍较低。分析了影响小型泵站效率的若干因素，以引起同行们的重视。     

Mitigation of Damages to Electric Utilities Due to High Winds

Extreme winds, hurricanes, and tornadoes produce significant damage to electrical transmission and distribution line structures. The damage produces loss of power to the affected communities for a variable length of time, depending on severity of damage. Most institutions whose operations would be life threatening in the event of power failure have emergency power. However, loss of power to both residences and businesses can have economic impact on the community in the form of temporary housing shortages and loss of business. Utility companies seem to cope with wind damage fairly well, following risk management procedures in designing for wind and in providing alternate routing for distribution lines. However, continuing research and developments are needed to keep abreast of the problem.     

喷射式凝汽器传热性能影响因素分析

空冷机组是解决富煤贫水地区电力工业发展问题的有效措施,近年来在国内外发展迅速。作为海勒式间接空冷系统的关键设备,喷射式凝汽器的性能与整个空冷机组的性能直接相关。介绍了国内外喷射式凝汽器的研究现状,分析了影响喷射式凝汽器传热性能的主要因素。