Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of microporosity in aluminum castings by X-ray micro-computed tomography

Porosity is a major issue in solidification processing of metallic materials.In this work,wedge die casting experiments were designed to investigate the effect of cooling rate on microporosity in an aluminum alloy A356.Microstructure information including dendrites and porosity were measured and observed by optical microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography(XMCT).The effects of cooling rate on secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS)and porosity were discussed.The relationship between SDAS and cooling rate was established and validated using a mathematical model.Three-dimensional(3-D)porosity information,including porosity percentage,pore volume,and pore number,was determined by XMCT.With the cooling rate decreasing from a lower to a higher position of the wedge die,the observed pore number decreases,the porosity percentage increases,and the equivalent pore radius increases.Sphericity of the pores was discussed as an empirical criterion to distinguish the types of porosity.For different cooling rates,the larger the equivalent pore radius is,the lower the sphericity of the pores.This research suggests that XMCT is a useful tool to provide critical 3-D porosity information for integrated computational materials engineering(ICME)design and process optimization of solidification products.     

构造煤微孔特征及成因探讨

基于不同变形类型和程度气煤、焦煤和无烟煤级构造煤样品的微孔（孔径<2 nm）测试结果,分析煤中微孔随煤级和变形的变化规律,探讨微孔成因。结果表明：煤中微孔孔径呈3峰分布,分别为峰1（0.457 7~0.548 0 nm）、峰2（0.548 0~0.686 3 nm）和峰3（0.785 5~0.899 0 nm）;弱和中等变形作用总体对各峰孔容和峰位影响不大,对应变形煤随煤级增高,气煤到焦煤除峰3孔容小幅增加外各峰对应孔容和峰位无明显变化,焦煤到无烟煤各峰对应孔容均显著增大,峰位则差异变化;较强和强变形作用导致峰1和峰2峰位向小孔径方向偏移,孔容除无烟煤峰2外显著提高,对峰3的影响表现在气煤和焦煤孔容小幅增加,无烟煤孔容显著减小,各煤级峰位始终固定不变;推断煤中微孔成因类型应为2种,分别对应于峰1+峰2和峰3的芳香层间孔和芳环有序堆叠形成的柱状孔。     

A comparison of desorption process of Chinese and Australian lignites by dynamic vapour sorption

Modified BET model and Do and Do (D.D.) model were chosen to interpret the desorption process of water on hard and soft lignites. The organic and inorganic hydrophilic sites were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy. From the modified BET model, only a small part of hydrophilic sites (HSs) acted as effective primary sites due to space restraint, intramolecular hydrogen bond and maybe more than one hydrophilic site connecting with one water molecule. From the D.D. model, the total adsorption sites (S_t) of Loy Yang lignite (LY) is 18.7 mmol/g, which is higher than that of Shengli (SL) 17.0 mmol/g in spite of lower primary sites, and the saturation concentration of water (q_us) in the micropore of LY is 33.7 mmol/g, which is much higher than that of SL (12.5 mmol/g). So the high moisture-holding capacity of LY is mainly determined by the high S_t and q_us, and not the primary sites. The size of water clusters entering the micropores is 7 for SL and 6 for LY, which is related to relative location of HS. When dewatered, the higher total sites density and smaller water cluster size of LY both implied higher dewatering energy.     

土壤中黑碳的分离及其孔结构分析

采用化学氧化法从土壤中提取黑碳样品，并用扫描电镜、吸附脱附等温线、H-K 微孔分布、BJH 中孔分布分析了土壤中黑碳的孔结构情况。     

热轧变形对高碳TWIP钢组织缺陷和力学性能的影响

为解决高碳Fe-20Mn-3Cu-1.3C TWIP钢凝固组织中易形成显微疏松、损害合金的力学性能的问题,研究了在相同热轧温度下,改变轧制变形总量对合金微孔缺陷的消除及拉伸力学性能的影响.研究表明:通过热轧变形可以有效地减少Fe-20Mn-3Cu-1.3C TWIP钢的微孔缺陷,提高组织致密度;随着热轧变形量的增加,合金的综合力学性能显著提高,当热轧变形量达到91%时,该合金中的微孔面密度由固溶态的1.67%降低至0.71%,抗拉强度达到1223.7 MPa,延伸率达到86.8%,强塑积高达106217.2 MPa.%,比未热轧变形处理提高了78.3%,显示出优异的综合力学性能,表明消除微孔缺陷是充分发挥其高强韧性的关键.     

Evaluation and fabrication of pore‐size‐tuned silica membranes with tetraethoxydimethyl disiloxane for gas separation

Organic/inorganic hybrid silica membranes were prepared from 1,1,3,3‐tetraethoxy‐1,3‐dimethyl disiloxane (TEDMDS) by the sol‐gel technique with firing at 300–550°C in N₂. TEDMDS‐derived silica membranes showed high H₂ permeance (0.3–1.1 × 10^?6 mol m^?2 s^?1 Pa^?1) with low H₂/N₂ (～10) and high H₂/SF₆ (～1200) perm‐selectivity, confirming successful tuning of micropore sizes larger than TEOS‐derived silica membranes. TEDMDS‐derived silica membranes prepared at 550°C in N₂ increased gas permeances as well as pore sizes after air exposure at 450°C. TEDMDS had an advantage in tuning pore size by the “template” and “spacer” techniques, due to the pyrolysis of methyl groups in air and Si? O? Si bonding, respectively. For pore size evaluation of microporous membranes, normalized Knudsen‐based permeance, which was proposed based on the gas translation model and verified with permeance of zeolite membranes, reveals that pore sizes of TEDMDS membranes were successfully tuned in the range of 0.6–1.0 nm. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

高压XLPE电缆击穿的制造因素分析及有效控制

高压电缆尤其是超高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆在输电运行中一旦被击穿,将对电网造成巨大损害,给国家造成重大损失。同时,企业在生产制造过程中,一旦发生电缆局放值(PC值)超标,甚至耐压测试击穿,给企业造成的经济损失也非常巨大。该文从电击穿理论入手,对高压XLPE电缆的生产制造过程进行了分析研究,找出导致高压击穿及局放值超标的关键要点,如导体毛刺;导体半导电屏蔽带的电导率;模具及流道的磕碰、划伤;材料的洁净和储存;绝缘层中微孔的数量、大小、内应力等。通过对这些容易被忽视,而且又极其重要的生产制造环节进行剖析,并给出控制方法,以达到降低局放值和击穿频率,提高高压XLPE电缆整体品质的目的。     

海绵状涤纶改性纤维及其纱线的性能测试与分析

采用线密度基本相同的海绵状涤纶改性纤维加工的纱线与普通纯涤纶纱线及涤棉混纺纱线进行单强、弹性、条干、毛羽、吸湿性及快干性的展开研究,展示海绵状涤纶改性纤维纱线比纯涤纶纱线更好的吸湿性、快干性、弹性、手感柔滑蓬松性,为改性涤纶产品的开发与运用提供了依据。     

Effect of α-FeOOH dispersion on adsorption characteristics of pitch-based activated carbon fibers against NO, SO2, and NH3

The effects of dispersion of ultrafine α-FeOOH particles of pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACF) on the adsorption characteristics against NO, SO₂ and NH₃ were examined at 303 K. Also the micropore structures were studied by N₂ adsorption at 77 K. The adsorption isotherms for not only N₂ but also NO, SO₂ and NH₃ were analyzed by the DR plots. The dispersion of α-FeOOH markedly increased the amounts of adsorption for NO and NH₃ at lower pressure regions, but it did not increase the adsorption capacities for all adsorptives. The a-FeOOH dispersion enhanced the isosteric heat of adsorption for all adsorptives, in particular NH₃.