天然气水合物储层泥质细粉砂挡砂介质堵塞规律与微观挡砂机制

中国南海海域部分天然气水合物储层中地层砂为高泥质含量细粉砂，开采防控砂难度较大。针对高泥质细粉砂挡砂机制问题，使用粒度中值为10.13 μm的泥质细粉砂样品，模拟单向气液携砂流动条件，使用绕丝筛板、金属烧结网、金属纤维、预充填陶粒4类挡砂介质在20~80 μm挡砂精度下进行挡砂模拟实验，采用显微成像系统观察挡砂介质内部及表面砂粒沉积与堵塞动态，分析介质流通性能和挡砂性能变化，总结堵塞规律、微观挡砂机制与形态及其控制因素。研究结果表明，不同类型和精度的挡砂介质对泥质细粉砂的堵塞总体呈现堵塞开始、堵塞加剧和堵塞平衡3个阶段。随着驱替进行，挡砂介质渗透率逐渐降低，幅度会高达90%以上；同时过砂速度减缓，最终过砂率为5%~10%。根据堵塞规律和微观图像分析，提出了粗组分分选桥架、局部砂团适度挡砂、整体砂桥阻挡等挡砂介质对泥质细粉砂的3种微观挡砂机制。以粗组分分选桥架挡砂机制为主的挡砂工况下，挡砂介质堵塞渗透率较高，但过砂率超过15%，挡砂效果较差；以整体砂桥挡砂机制为主时，过砂率在10%以下，挡砂性能较好，但各类挡砂介质的堵塞渗透率不足1 D，流通性能较差。局部砂团适度挡砂机制为主时介质挡砂性能及流通性能介于两者之间。挡砂介质对天然气水合物储层泥质细粉砂的微观挡砂机制和形态受挡砂介质类型、精度、地层砂特征以及流动条件等因素控制，其规律对于水合物泥质细粉砂防控砂优化有指导意义。     

Improving water retention of chicken breast meats by CaCl2 combined with pulsed electric fields

Frozen poultry meat is the most widely consumed animal-based food. However, water loss often leads to quality loss of poultry meat. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the combined effect of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment on chicken breast meats and the mechanisms underlying protein degradation. The results showed that the synergistic effect was superior to the single treatment. Compared with the untreated group, the combination of CaCl₂ and PEF increased water holding capacity of chicken breast meats by 16.61% and decreased cooking loss by 28.93%. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) results indicated that the synergistic treatment promoted water molecules' binding capacity in myofibrils of poultry meat, which exhibited higher immobilised water. Additionally, the combination of CaCl₂ and PEF led to increased degradation of proteins of high-molecular weight and surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar protein. Furthermore, the extension of the protein molecule and microenvironmental changes promoted interaction between protein and water. In conclusion, the synergistic treatment of CaCl₂ and PEF enhanced water retention and improved physicochemical properties of the myofibrillar protein in chicken breast meats.     

Influence of soil density on gas permeability and water retention in soils amended with in-house produced biochar

Biochar has been used as an environment-friendly enhancer to improve the hydraulic properties(e.g.suction and water retention) of soil.However,variations in densities alter the properties of the soil-biochar mix.Such density variations are observed in agriculture(loosely compacted) and engineering(densely compacted) applications.The influence of biochar amendment on gas permeability of soil has been barely investigated,especially for soil with diffe rent densities.The maj or obj ective of this study is to investigate the water retention capacity,and gas permeability of biochar-amended soil(BAS) with different biochar contents under varying degree of compaction(DOC) conditions.In-house produced novel biochar was mixed with the soil at different amendment rates(i.e.biochar contents of 0%,5% and 10%).All BAS samples were compacted at three DOCs(65%,80% and 95%) in polyvinyl chloride(PVC)tubes.Each soil column was subjected to drying-wetting cycles,during which soil suction,water content,and gas permeability were measured.A simplified theoretical framework for estimating the void ratio of BAS was proposed.The experimental results reveal that the addition of biochar significantly decreased gas permeability k_g as compared with that of bare soil(BS).However,the addition of 5%biochar is found to be optimum in decreasing kg with an increase of DOC(i.e.k_(g,65%) k_(g,80%) k_(g,95%)) at a relatively low suction range(200 kPa) because both biochar and compaction treatment reduce the connected pores.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中同分异构体构型糖皮质激素

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定化妆品中同分异构体构型糖皮质激素(glucocorticoids, GCs)的分析方法。方法样品经饱和氯化钠分散、乙腈提取,亚铁氰化钾-醋酸锌沉淀大分子基质后,通过分散固相萃取技术(QuEChERS)净化。以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相迚行梯度洗脱,采用多反应监测模式(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)对美白祛斑类化妆品中同分异构体构型糖皮质激素迚行定量和定性检测。结果 本方法完成了对糖皮质激素中最难以分离的差向同分异构体倍他米松、地塞米松以及它们的衍生物倍他米松醋酸酯、地塞米松醋酸酯的分离检测。在5.0、10和20μg/kg添加水平时的回收率为78.6%～102.7%,相对标准偏差小于10.60%(n=6),方法定量限为6.0μg/kg。结论 该方法快速、稳定、灵敏度高、选择性好,适合分析检测化妆品中非法添加的GCs类化合物。     

平原地区城市湖泊防洪与景观功能协调研究——以枝江市金湖为例

为了使城市湖泊尽可能滞蓄雨洪、发挥景观功能、打造良好的居民"亲水空间",以枝江市金湖为例,根据金湖主要泄洪渠道的实际情况,利用Mike 21模型模拟计算汛限水位值,按照景观水位确定大、小洪水工况下合理的水位。在此基础上,提出传统的静态景观水位与改进的动态景观水位两种方案。结果表明:以50年一遇、30年一遇为代表的大洪水工况下合理景观水位为40.7 m,以20年一遇、10年一遇为代表的小洪水工况合理景观水位为41.3 m;静态方案采用50年一遇洪水计算结果为标准执行,将40.7 m作为金湖固定的景观水位;动态方案水位可在41.3~40.7 m之间波动;金湖适宜采用动态景观水位运行方案,水位可在40.7~41.3 m之间波动;根据短期预报及历史监测资料分析后合理调度,将41.3 m作为金湖常水位,确定预测洪水大小后调整水位迎战洪水。据此,可在充分利用水资源的同时有效协调景观高水位需求与防洪之间的矛盾。     

页岩气井压裂返排液对储层裂缝的损害机理

为了弄清压裂液返排过程中对页岩气储层裂缝的损害机理，选取四川盆地长宁区块下志留统龙马溪组页岩和压裂返排液，利用压裂返排液对造缝岩样开展压裂液返排和气驱压裂液实验，监测压裂液返排流动阶段的岩样液相渗透率、返排液固相粒度分布和浊度变化，对比压裂液气驱前后的气测渗透率，分析压裂返排液对页岩气储层中裂缝的损害机理与损害程度。研究结果表明：①压裂返排液作用后，页岩渗透率损害率介于53.1%～97.6%，返排液固相粒度区间显著缩小，液相滞留所造成的相圈闭损害、固相残渣堵塞、气相携液诱发微粒运移和盐结晶是其主要的损害方式；②气相流阶段，渗透率损害率降至23.1%～80.2%，滞留液相损害有所缓解，但固相残渣堵塞和返排液在裂缝面的盐结晶损害仍然难以避免；③基于页岩气井压裂液返排过程中对裂缝的损害机理，考虑到返排液的处理难度及其对储层裂缝的损害，建议应积极发挥压裂液的造缝能力，优化压裂液性质与用量，尽量做到不返排或少返排压裂液。     

Effect of hydraulic retention time on a continuous biohydrogen production in a packed bed biofilm reactor with recirculation flow of the liquid phase

The present paper reports on results obtained from experiments carried out in a laboratory-scale anaerobic packed bed biofilm reactor (APBR), with recirculation of the liquid phase, for continuously biohydrogen production via dark fermentation. The reactor was filled with Kaldnes^® biofilm carrier and inoculated with an anaerobic mesophilic sludge from a urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The APBR was operated at a temperature of 37 °C, without pH buffering. The effect of theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 1 to 5 h on hydrogen yield (HY), hydrogen production rate (HPR), substrate conversion and metabolic pathways was investigated. This study indicates the possibility of enhancing hydrogen production by using APBR with recirculation flow. Among respondents values of HRT the highest average values of HY (2.35 mol H₂/mol substrate) and HPR (0.085 L h^?1L^?1) have been obtained at HRT equal to 2 h.     

酵子馒头与酵母馒头挥发性组分与香气特征分析

利用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)和顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)收集酵子馒头(JSB)与酵母馒头(YSB)的挥发性物质,并结合气-质谱联用(GC/MS)和气相嗅闻(GC-O)技术,对其挥发性物质和香气特征进行分析。结果显示,SDE吸收液适合分馏和浓缩。HS-SPME最佳条件为吸附温度55℃,吸附时间30 min,解吸时间6 min。GC/MS分析发现,两种馒头共有组分23种,主要组分是乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、正己醇、(E)-2-壬烯醛、2-正戊基呋喃、萘、苯甲醛、戊基苯、壬醛、香叶基丙酮,共有组分在JSB中相对含量较高(>60%),在YSB中含量较低(<50%),其中JSB中乙醇的相对含量最高(63%)。JSB中酸类、含苯环类、杂环类化合物的相对含量高于YSB,表现出醇香、果香和坚果香味。而YSB中烯烃类、醛类、酯类、酮类化合物高于JSB,其香气不如JSB浓郁。JSB与YSB的挥发性物质种类和相对含量差异明显,导致两者表现出不同的香气特征。     

基于低影响开发理念的雨水控制设计计算

文中介绍了某电影文化综合体项目采用的集中雨水控制利用技术:透水性地面铺装、屋顶绿化、下凹式绿地、微生态雨水处理回用一体机。通过合理划分汇水面积,结合项目实际情况,计算给出了在限定年径流总量控制率的条件下,合理采用多种手段联合,使项目符合《绿色建筑评价标准》(GB/T 50378—2014)中的场地生态设计要求,实现了海绵城市的控制目标,也为类似工程提供了参考思路。     

SDE-GC-MS结合保留指数分析不同预处理的豆浆风味

采用同时蒸馏-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别对未处理、微波处理、冷冻处理和超声处理后豆浆的挥发性物质进行分析,在利用NIST质谱检索库检索的基础上,结合保留指数进行定性,同时运用峰面积归一化法加苯甲醇作内标定量。结果表明:共鉴定出48种挥发性成分,4种预处理后的样品挥发性成分分别为28、26、30种和33种。不同预处理后的风味物质均以醛类、醇类、酮类、呋喃为主,醛类含量最多。结合感官评价得出冷冻处理后豆浆风味最佳。