纳米级超声造影剂的理论研究进展

为了克服超声造影剂中微米级气泡尺寸较大的局限性,大量研究人员对超声应用的替代造影剂(纳米级造影剂)进行了研究。随着生物纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米级超声造影剂在诊断与治疗领域有着广阔的发展前景。与超声造影剂中的微米级气泡相比,纳米级造影剂粒径较小,渗透能力极强,可以通过血管内皮间隙,进而可以实现血管外病变部位的显影。文中详细论述了超声造影剂在超声作用下的行为以及2种主要的纳米级造影剂:纳米气泡和纳米液滴造影剂,对其理论研究进展进行了总结,并提出了目前仍存在的一些问题及其未来的研究方向。     

Optimization of E. coli tip-sonication for high-yield cell-free extract using finite element modeling

Optimal tip sonication settings, namely tip position, input power, and pulse durations, are necessary for temperature sensitive procedures like preparation of viable cell extract. In this paper, the optimum tip immersion depth (20–30% height below the liquid surface) is estimated which ensures maximum mixing thereby enhancing thermal dissipation of local cavitation hotspots. A finite element (FE) heat transfer model is presented, validated experimentally with (R² > 97%) and used to observe the effect of temperature rise on cell extract performance of Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 star strain and estimate the temperature threshold. Relative yields in the top 10% are observed for solution temperatures maintained below 32°C; this reduces below 50% relative yield at temperatures above 47°C. A generalized workflow for direct simulation using the CONSOL code as well as master plots for estimation of sonication parameters (power input and pulse settings) is also presented.     

A Terahertz Video Camera Patch Sheet with an Adjustable Design based on Self-Aligned, 2D,Suspended Sensor Array Patterning

Terahertz (THz) imaging is expected to become powerful tools for non-destructive inspections. To ensure the practical use of THz non-destructive monitoring, versatile THz imagers with adjustable designs that can eliminate the complexities and the bulkiness of the device are urgently required. Herein, a self-aligned filtration process for a 2D, free-standing carbon nanotube film array and its application to a THz video camera patch are reported. The presented techniques enable a) to freely design the camera size, sensor array pattern, and suspended shape according to its applications, b) to cut the camera patch into desired shapes, and c) to attach them to the objects that are intended to be measured. Real-time, non-destructive monitoring of various infrastructures is demonstrated. These results indicate that it can function regardless of restrictions, such as the shapes and locations of the measurement samples, thus providing a strong possibility for use in future non-destructive sensor networks.     

Various density light field image coding based on distortion minimization interpolation

In recent years, the light field (LF) as a new imaging modality has attracted wide interest. The large data volume of LF images poses great challenge to LF image coding, and the LF images captured by different devices show significant differences in angular domain. In this paper we propose a view prediction framework to handle LF image coding with various sampling density. All LF images are represented as view arrays. We first partition the views into reference view (RV) set and intermediate view (IV) set. The RVs are rearranged into a pseudo sequence and directly compressed by a video encoder. Other views are then predicted by the RVs. To exploit the four dimensional signal structure, we propose the linear approximation prior (LAP) to reveal the correlation among LF views and efficiently remove the LF data redundancy. Based on the LAP, a distortion minimization interpolation (DMI) method is used to predict IVs. To robustly handle the LF images with different sampling density, we propose an Iteratively Updating depth image based rendering (IU-DIBR) method to extend our DMI. Some auxiliary views are generated to cover the target region and then the DMI calculates reconstruction coefficients for the IVs. Different view partition patterns are also explored. Extensive experiments on different types LF images also valid the efficiency of the proposed method.     

Electrical and optical characteristics of atmospheric helium jet array plasma

In this paper, a honeycomb structure jet array with seven jet units was adopted to generate plasmas. Both the average discharge power and the emission intensity of the main excited species increase with increasing applied voltage. There are three stages of discharge evolution at different applied voltages: initial discharge, uniform discharge and strong coupling discharge.The spatial distribution of the emission intensity of the excited species can be divided into three categories: growth class, weakening class and variation class. The gas temperature along the whole plasma plume at different applied voltages is maintained at around 320K and can be widely used in heat-labile applications.     

Nonuniform linear array DOA estimation using EM criterion

In this letter, we address the problem of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation with nonuniform linear array in the context of sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework. The nonuniform array output is deemed as an incomplete-data observation, and a hypothetical uniform linear array output is treated as an unavailable complete-data observation. Then the Expectation-Maximization (EM) criterion is directly utilized to iteratively maximize the expected value of the complete-data log likelihood under the posterior distribution of the latent variable. The novelties of the proposed method lie in its capability of interpolating the actual received data to a virtual uniform linear array, therefore extending the achievable array aperture. Simulation results manifests the superiority of the proposed method over off-the-shelf algorithms, specially on circumstances such as low SNR, insufficient snapshots, and spatially adjacent sources.     

Channel estimation and tracking with nested sampling for fast-moving users in millimeter-wave communication

Channel estimation is very challenging in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications since the receiver is usually equipped with a limited number of radio-frequency (RF) chains and a large number of antennas. The receiver can only observe a low-dimensional projection of the received signals due to the huge gap between the numbers of RF chains and antennas. Instead of using the phase-shifter which is not a simple circuit at mmWave, we employ a switch network for analog design, which is equivalent to an antenna selection process. To increase the resolution and accuracy, a nested sampling strategy is used to formulate a virtual array with a larger aperture, aiming to reduce the complexity and power consumption of the system. We also consider the Doppler effect caused by the fast-moving user which may seriously deteriorate the channel estimation accuracy. Based on the covariance fitting criterion, a joint Doppler and channel estimation method is proposed without need of discretizing the angle space, and thus the model mismatch effect can be totally eliminated. Finally, we excavate the temporal variation law of the user to estimate the line-of-sight (LoS) channel in the current time slot by using the estimates from the previous two time slots. Numerical simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed method.     

基于分支定界法的相控阵雷达事件调度算法

为解决相控阵雷达事件调度问题中调度成功率、时间偏移率与算法时效性三者之间的矛盾，本文提出一种基于分支定界法的调度算法；该算法首先在现有调度结果上调取所有可执行事件，即获得若干"节点"，多步递推后由多"层"节点形成若干条备选"分支"，扩大解空间范围，提高算法性能；然后通过"删减"操作删减掉收益较低分支，将解空间控制在一适当范围内，减小搜索盲目性，降低算法计算量.仿真实验表明，与基于综合优先级算法的调度结果相比，利用本文算法调度时调度成功率提升了52%；与基于时间指针算法的调度结果相比，本身算法时间偏移率降低了61%；与基于遗传算法的调度结果相比，本文算法调度耗时仅为前者1~2%.     

UPLC-PDA法检测桉木预水解液中5-羟甲基糠醛

采用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（UPLC-PDA）法检测桉木预水解液中5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）。该方法检测过程中，样品无需复杂的预处理，即可在流动相为乙腈/水（20∶80，V/V）、淋洗速度为0.2 mL/min的条件下对桉木预水解液中各组分进行先洗脱分离，然后采用PDA检测器于波长283.55 nm处定量检测桉木预水解液中的5-HMF；其检出限为3.883 μg/L，相关系数为0.9998，重现检测相对标准偏差为0.2%，加标回收率为105.2%；该法具有样品预处理简单、检测快速和准确的特点，为更好地控制预水解条件、提高预水解液利用价值提供了一定的理论支撑。     

基于自回归谱外推的全聚焦成像分辨力提升

针对相邻缺陷全聚焦超声成像混叠问题，结合低阶、宽有效频带自回归谱外推方法，压缩超声波时域脉冲宽度，实现亚波长级全聚焦（Total focusing method，TFM）成像分辨力。建立碳钢试块模型，设置两个中心间距1.8 mm，直径1.3 mm圆孔，选用中心频率2.25 MHz，32阵元相控阵探头采集全矩阵数据。针对全矩阵数据，选择自回归阶数为2，信号频谱最大幅值下降14 dB为有效频带，建立自回归模型并外推有效频带外的高频与低频成分，随后对全矩阵数据进行延迟叠加处理和TFM成像。仿真结果表明，低阶、宽有效频带自回归谱外推处理方法具有较高的鲁棒性和准确性，TFM成像后可有效分离中心间距0.7λ（λ为超声波长）圆孔，保留缺陷横向位置信息的同时，定位误差不超过0.73%。对碳钢试块中相同位置及尺寸的圆孔进行试验验证，定位误差不超过1.06%，有效地提高TFM成像分辨力。