Highly efficient supported AlCl3-based cationic catalysts to produce polyα-olefin oil base stocks

The main aim of this research is to decrease the amount of AlCl₃ content that is very corrosive and hazardous in the catalytic system, required for the α-olefin oligomerization without substantial change of final oil features. This was successfully achieved by supporting AlCl₃ on different carriers. More precisely, a series of supported bimetallic catalysts was synthesized by immobilization of AlCl₃ and TiCl₄ onto Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and mixed supports, that is, Al₂O₃/FeCl₃ and SiO₂/FeCl₃. It was found that silica and alumina-based catalysts had higher catalytic activities compared to support free AlCl₃; however, this enhancement for silica-based supports was more significant. According to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results, the use of single supports, that is, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, increased oligomer's molecular weight, while the application of mixed supports resulted in the decrease of molecular weight of the oligomers. Viscosity characteristics of the synthesized oligomers have also been studied at two different temperatures of 40 and 100°C (KV⁴⁰ and KV¹⁰⁰). The viscosity index (VI) values, derived from KV⁴⁰ and KV¹⁰⁰, of the prepared oligomers were in the range of 126–145. The molecular weight and termination mechanisms of the oligomers were studied by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. The obtained results disclosed that the employed reaction conditions led to the production of oligomer chains with various structures including vinylidene (Vd), and di and three-substituted vinylene (2Vn, 3Vn) structures.     

The effect of pH on the competition between polyphosphate-accumulating organisms and glycogen-accumulating organisms

In enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes, glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) may compete with polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) for the often-limited carbon substrates, potentially resulting in disturbances to phosphorus removal. A detailed investigation of the effect of pH on the competition between PAOs and GAOs is reported in this study. The results show that a high external pH ( approximately 8) provided PAOs with an advantage over GAOs in EBPR systems. The phosphorus removal performance improved due to a population shift favouring PAOs over GAOs, which was shown through both chemical and microbiological methods. Two lab-scale reactors fed with propionate as the carbon source were subjected to an increase in pH from 7 to 8. The phosphorus removal and PAO population (as measured by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis of "Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis") increased in each system, where the PAOs appeared to out-compete a group of Alphaproteobacteria GAOs. A considerable improvement in the P removal was also observed in an acetate fed reactor, where the GAO population (primarily "Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis") decreased substantially after a similar increase in the pH. The results from this study suggest that pH could be used as a control parameter to reduce the undesirable proliferation of GAOs and improve phosphorus removal in EBPR systems.     

可用于高效过滤器检漏的PAO计数扫描法

结合洁净厂房设计和高效空气过滤器的相关规范,介绍了PAO计数扫描检漏方法。     

纳米二硫化钼在聚-α-烯烃润滑脂中的摩擦学性能

利用MQ - 800型四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米二硫化钼和微米二硫化钼在聚-α-烯烃润滑脂中的摩擦学性能.结果表明纳米二硫化钼的减摩抗磨性能优于微米二硫化钼.这是因为纳米二硫化钼在摩擦表面形成了吸附膜,提高了润滑脂的减摩抗磨性能.     

激光热喷涂Co30Cr8W1.6C3Ni1.4Si涂层在PAO+2.5%MoDTC油中摩擦学特性

为了提高TC4合金的耐磨性能,采用激光热喷涂技术在其表面制备了Co₃₀Cr₈W_1.6C₃Ni_1.4Si涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析了涂层的形貌和物相,并通过摩擦磨损实验研究了涂层在PAO+2.5% MoDTC（质量分数）油中的磨损行为。结果表明,激光热喷涂的Co₃₀Cr₈W_1.6C₃Ni_1.4Si涂层主要由Ti、WC_1-x、CoO、Co₂Ti₄O和CoAl相组成,在涂层界面形成冶金结合。在激光功率为1000、1200和1400 W时所制备的涂层平均摩擦因数分别为0.151、0.120和0.171,其对应的磨损率分别为1.17×10^-6、1.33×10^-6和2.80×10^-6 mm³?N^-1?m^-1,磨损机理为磨粒磨损,其枝晶尺寸对降磨起主要作用。     

Metabolic versatility in full-scale wastewater treatment plants performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal

This study analysed the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) microbial community and metabolic performance of five full-scale EBPR systems by using fluorescence in situ hybridisation combined with off-line batch tests fed with acetate under anaerobic–aerobic conditions. The phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in all systems were stable and showed little variability between each plant, while glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) were present in two of the plants. The metabolic activity of each sludge showed the frequent involvement of the anaerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in PAO metabolism for the anaerobic generation of reducing equivalents, in addition to the more frequently reported glycolysis pathway. Metabolic variability in the use of the two pathways was also observed, between different systems and in the same system over time. The metabolic dynamics was linked to the availability of glycogen, where a higher utilisation of the glycolysis pathway was observed in the two systems employing side-stream hydrolysis, and the TCA cycle was more active in the A²O systems. Full-scale plants that showed higher glycolysis activity also exhibited superior P removal performance, suggesting that promotion of the glycolysis pathway over the TCA cycle could be beneficial towards the optimisation of EBPR systems.     

正交法研究影响聚α-烯烃合成油性能的因素

利用正交实验法将2种碳数分布不同的烯烃按比例调合生产聚α-烯烃合成油，通过方差分析得到了影响合成油粘度指数和凝点的显著因素。充分了解到裂解烯烃的平均碳数分布对产品的粘度指数和凝点的显著性影响。此试验对聚α-烯烃合成油的工业生产有指导性意义。     

燃烧离子色谱法测定α-烯烃齐聚反应体系中催化剂BF3的含量

BF₃作为α-烯烃齐聚反应催化剂,其含量控制对催化反应的调控与产品质量的把控至关重要。通过建立样品前处理方法、优化仪器测试条件与标准溶液配制方法,建立利用燃烧离子色谱测定BF₃·醇催化的α-烯烃齐聚反应体系中F元素含量,进而计算出BF₃含量的方法,并考察了方法的重复性和准确性。结果表明：利用该方法可测定BF₃质量分数范围为2.68～53.50 g/kg的样品,前处理时适量的正丁醇和白油可有效稳定和稀释样品;测定稀释样品中F元素含量的标准曲线分为2段,线性范围分别为300～2000 mg/L和2000～3000 mg/L,线性相关系数R²分别为0.9992和0.9940;测定5次BF₃质量分数结果相对标准偏差均小于5%,方法加标回收率在95.0%～105.0%之间,方法检出限取决于前处理时的取样量,当取样量为5 g时,检出限为1 mg/kg。     

多元醇配位体改性三氯化铝催化1-癸烯齐聚产物分析

聚α-烯烃合成油(Polymer Alpha olefins,简称PAO),是一类性能高的润滑剂与官能液,也是饱和烯烃的低聚物。其中,α-烯烃(主要为C_8~C_(12))的三、四聚体是合成润滑油基础油最主要的原料,且具有很高的粘度指数、低的倾点。主要选用1-癸烯为原料烯烃,通过加入多元醇配位体对三氯化铝进行改性,研究三氯化铝改性的催化剂对α-烯烃催化的齐聚反应的最佳工艺条件,计算齐聚产物的收率。     

用于苛刻条件下合成油料的新进展

随着工业和科技的发展,人类活动领域的扩大,对油品的使用要求更加苛刻,严寒、高温、超重负荷、高湿度和其他极端条件,都对油品提出了新的挑战,同时对环保和节能的要求也越来越严格。为适应这些更高的要求,近年来研制并逐步推出了三种更优异的合成基础油料:超高粘度指数的PAO,低蒸发性和低温粘度更小的PAO,以及新型Ⅴ类基础油烷基萘。其优异的特性使其在极端条件下提高油品的使用性能和减少设备磨损,更好地节能和环保,并延长设备使用寿命等方面,发挥了独特的作用。