煤化工专用黑水阀阀座流通性能研究

介绍了一种煤化工专用黑水阀的结构构成,并提出进行该型号阀门流通性能研究的重要性。建立流道三维模型,应用CFD有限元分析软件,模拟黑水阀内部流场分布情况,分析可视化结果,确定阀座/阀芯易损位置。分别对不同阀座渐扩角时模型进行仿真模拟,得到阀门进、出口压力值,并依此计算Cv值大小,拟合流量系数曲线,提出阀门在实现最大介质流通时阀座渐扩角范围,为阀门设计提供重要的理论参考。     

Review of anthropometric considerations for tractor seat design

Tractor driving imposes a lot of physical and mental stress upon the operator. If the operator's seat is not comfortable, his work performance may be poor and there is also a possibility of accidents. The optimal design of tractor seat may be achieved by integrating anthropometric data with other technical features of the design. This paper reviews the existing information on the tractor seat design that considers anthropometry and biomechanical factors and gives an approach for seat design based on anthropometric data. The anthropometric dimensions, i.e. popliteal height sitting (5th percentile), hip breadth sitting (95th percentile), buttock popliteal length (5th percentile), interscye breadth (5th and 95th percentile) and sitting acromion height (5th percentile) of agricultural workers need to be taken into consideration for design of seat height, seat pan width, seat pan length, seat backrest width and seat backrest height, respectively, of a tractor. The seat dimensions recommended for tractor operator's comfort based on anthropometric data of 5434 Indian male agricultural workers were as follows: seat height of 380 mm, seat pan width of 420–450 mm, seat backrest width of 380–400 mm (bottom) and 270–290 mm (top), seat pan length of 370±10 mm, seat pan tilt of 5–7° backward and seat backrest height of 350 mm.

Relevance to industry

The approach presented in this paper for tractor seat design based on anthropometric considerations will help the tractor seat designers to develop and introduce seats suiting to the requirements of the user population. This will not only enhance the comfort of the tractor operators but may also help to reduce the occupational health problems of tractor operators.     

Seat inventory control for sequential multiple flights with customer choice behavior

This paper considers a seat inventory control problem in which flights depart sequentially and passengers purchase available seats depending on customer choice behavior. Customer choice behavior can lead to either a horizontal shift or a booking loss when a desired fare class is unavailable. This problem is mathematically challenging and intractable via exact mathematical models. As an alternative heuristic approach, this paper develops a simulation-based greedy grid-search algorithm and illustrates simulation experiments using the newly developed algorithm. This paper obtains encouraging numerical results with the approach proposed here, but additional studies are required for accommodating more general assumptions such as booking arrival patterns, booking control mechanisms (e.g., cancellation and overbooking) and strategic customer behavior.     

双腹板、顶底角钢半刚性连接节点的非线性有限元分析

用ANSYS有限元程序对双腹板、顶底角钢半刚性连接节点的非线性性能进行了理论分析,并将计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好.通过对7个系列共23个双腹板、顶底角钢连接试件的有限元分析,重点探讨了连接的各类组件对节点力学性能的影响.结果表明:梁截面高度、顶底角钢厚度及与柱翼缘相连的顶底角钢螺栓间距对节点力学性能的影响较大;腹板角钢厚度对节点力学性能有一定的影响;柱腹板水平加劲肋、柱截面高度和螺栓直径对节点力学性能的影响较小.双腹板、顶底角钢连接梁柱节点属于典型的半刚性连接节点,建议在设计中考虑其对结构受力性能的影响.     

Ergonomics modelling and evaluation of automobile seat comfort

Automobile seats are developed in an iterative manner because subjective feedback, which is usually of questionable quality, drives the design. The time and cost associated with iteration could be justified if the process was guaranteed to produce a comfortable seat. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Current practices are based on the premise that seat system design teams need objective, measurable laboratory standards, which can be linked to subjective perceptions of comfort. Only in this way can predictions be made regarding whether or not a particular design will be viewed by the consumer as comfortable. This type of forecasting ability would effectively improve the efficiency with which automobile seats are designed. In this context, the research reported, developed, and validated a stepwise, multiple linear regression model relating seat interface pressure characteristics, occupant anthropometry, occupant demographics, and perceptions of seat appearance to an overall, subjective comfort index derived from a survey with proven levels of reliability and validity. The model performance statistics were: adjusted r ²?=?0.668, standard error of estimate?=?2.308, F (6, 38)?=?15.728, p?=?0.000, and cross-validated r (15)?=?0.952, p?=?0.000. From the model, human criteria for seat interface pressure measures were established. These findings could not have been attained without first demonstrating that (1) the data collection protocol for seat interface pressure measurement was repeatable and (2) seat interface pressure measurements can be used to distinguish between seats.     

清帝陵须弥座营造实践的研究

须弥座传入中国后由佛像座用途推广至台基轮廓及小品装饰,历代记载主要关注于须弥座各组成部分的比例关系。在清帝陵中台基、下碱、基座等不同位置设有须弥座,并装饰以不同样式,多样的应用为须弥座营造实践的研究提供了可能。本文以清帝陵须弥座的分布、组成及构件为研究对象,参考文献记载,总结其配合组群关系形成而显现的多样性,营造时内部比例、建造方式展现的适应性,关注须弥座上 纹样的变化,探寻其在时间上的流变关系,以及从宏观到微观形成对于清帝陵须弥座营造实践的全面研究。     

How would increasing seat belt use affect the number of killed or seriously injured light vehicle occupants?

The expected effects of increasing seat belt use on the number of killed or seriously injured (KSI) light vehicle occupants have been estimated for three scenarios of increased seat belt use in Norway, taking into account current seat belt use, the effects of seat belts and differences in crash risk between belted and unbelted drivers. The effects of seat belts on fatality and injury risk were investigated in a meta-analysis that is based on 24 studies from 2000 or later. The results indicate that seat belts reduce both fatal and non-fatal injuries by 60% among front seat occupants and by 44% among rear seat occupants. Both results are statistically significant. Seat belt use among rear seat occupants was additionally found to about halve fatality risk among belted front seat occupants in a meta-analysis that is based on six studies. Based on an analysis of seat belt wearing rates among crash involved and non-crash involved drivers in Norway it is estimated that unbelted drivers have 8.3 times the fatal crash risk and 5.2 times the serious injury crash risk of belted drivers. The large differences in crash risk are likely to be due to other risk factors that are common among unbelted drivers such as drunk driving and speeding. Without taking into account differences in crash risk between belted and unbelted drivers, the estimated effects of increasing seat belt use are likely to be biased. When differences in crash risk are taken into account, it is estimated that the annual numbers of KSI front seat occupants in light vehicles in Norway could be reduced by 11.3% if all vehicles had seat belt reminders (assumed seat belt wearing rate 98.9%), by 17.5% if all light vehicles had seat belt interlocks (assumed seat belt wearing rate 99.7%) and by 19.9% if all front seat occupants of light vehicles were belted. Currently 96.6% of all (non-crash involved) front seat occupants are belted. The effect on KSI per percentage increase of seat belt use increases with increasing initial levels of seat belt use. Had all rear seat occupants been belted, the number of KSI front seat occupants could additionally be reduced by about 0.6%. The reduction of the number of KSI rear seat occupants would be about the same in terms of numbers of prevented KSI.     

Simulated effect of driver and vehicle interaction on vehicle interior layout

Digital human modeling is an essential tool to reduce cost and to save time in a design process where humans take the part of users of the design. Considering this phenomenon for a vehicle interior, the importance of the seat track location and adjustment ranges become important. This paper presents the effect of driver and vehicle interaction on vehicle interior layout based on simulation approach. This simulation method includes two optimizations. The first optimization problem is the physics-based seated posture prediction. In order to represent physical drivers, 4,500 virtual drivers are generated based on an anthropometric database-ANSUR. Interaction forces between the digital human and pedal, seat, ground, and steering wheel are incorporated in the physics-based posture prediction. Three different pedal reaction moments (0, 20, and 40 N m) are implemented into the formulation to examine the effect of pedal reaction moment on driver seat location and adjustment ranges. To study the effect of shear forces, the physics-based posture prediction is compared to kinematics-based posture prediction. After posture predictions are completed, individuals' preferred seat locations are used in a second optimization problem to predict the seat track location and adjustment ranges. For a specific vehicle with 20 N m pedal reaction moment, adjustment ranges are predicted as 223 mm and 82 mm in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Also, it was shown that shear force due to the interaction between the driver and the seat pan and the pedal reaction moment are both influential to the seat track location and adjustment ranges.Relevance to industryThe simulation model presented in this paper is useful in vehicle and seat design and can be easily used for virtual design assessment in vehicle design.     

Assessment of the static fit of automobile lap-belt systems on front-seat passengers

While automobile seat belts are recognized as reducing injury in frontal collisions, the lap belt can cause injury to the abdominal contents during impact. A lap belt which is malpositioned, i.e., above the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) of the pelvis before impact, is suggested as a causative factor in many of these injuries. A questionnaire was completed by 198 adult passengers on lap-belt fit as well as vehicle, anthropometric and behavioural factors. All measures were self-reported. The fit of automobile seat belts was also investigated in the laboratory to determine some of the factors thought important in the pre-impact position of the lap belt. Seven factors, subject size, subject sitting posture, clothing thickness, vehicle configuration, vehicle seat position, seat back angle and the handling of the belt by the occupant, were assessed on 51 subjects sitting in six simulated vehicles. The sample purposely included a disproportionate number of tall, short, heavy and thin subjects.

The questionnaire responses indicated that a high proportion (49%) of lap belts were found to be malpositioned in a normal sitting posture. Moving around in the seat, especially slouching, greatly increased the proportion of malpositions. It was noteworthy that wearing a heavy winter coat did not cause belt malposition. A high incidence of malpositioned lap belts was also found in the laboratory study with 42% of the belts having their centre-lines above the ASIS and 89% having part of the belt overlying the ASIS in a normal upright seated position with the seat in the middle of its fore/aft movement. Slouching in the seat significantly increased this proportion. The malposition rate was adversely affected by a forward seat position in a significant manner. There was a large increase in the malposition rate when the occupant attached the belt compared to when the experimenter attached it, with malposition rates of 43% and 19% respectively in the rearmost seat position. There was no statistically significant effect of clothing thickness on belt fit. Although statistically significant correlations between belt inclination and malposition were found, no clear-cut belt-angle existed above which satisfactory fit existed.     

燃气轮机压气基座强度和刚度的有限元计算

利用有限元结构分析软件ANSYS,对燃气轮机压气基座按竖向起吊、水平放置和竖向放置3种工况分别进行强度和刚度计算,对结构几何形状发生突然改变引起的应力集中进行分析。通过计算对初步设计方案进行调整。改进后设计的结构强度和刚度足够,可作为燃气轮机压气基座的施工图纸的设计依据。