后处理设施放射性液体贮罐泄漏事故环境释放源项估算

放射性液体泄漏事故是后处理设施典型的事故,泄漏事故通常发生在设备室。高放废液贮槽泄漏后气载放射性核素生成包括两个过程:一是在泄漏放射性液体的过程中惰性气体从溶液中释放,以及与空气、地板相互作用产生的气溶胶;二是泄漏后的蒸发过程(包括冲洗前稀释前和稀释后)。气溶胶在设备室内生成后会发生沉积,同时随着设备室排风系统,经过滤后向环境排放。本文给出了一种放射性溶液贮槽泄漏事故源项估算方法,实现了事故泄漏质量、泄漏活度、设备室气载放射性活度浓度及积分浓度、环境释放源项估算,为事故应急决策和响应行动提供数据支持。     

Data-driven diagnosis of the high-pressure hydrogen leakage in fuel cell vehicles based on relevance vector machine

The hydrogen pressure inside tanks and its adjacent pipes can reach up to 70 MPa in fuel cell vehicles. This is the weak links of hydrogen leakage. The diagnosis time of mainstream hydrogen leakage diagnosis method based on hydrogen concentration sensors (HCSs) is easily affected by the number and location of installed sensors. In this study, a data-driven diagnosis method is proposed for the high-pressure hydrogen leakage. Fisher discrimination analysis and linear least squares fitting are used for data preprocessing, relevance vector machine is used for pattern recognition. When the total volume of tanks is 82 L and the hydrogen leakage flow rate is larger than 2 g/s, the diagnosis accuracy of the proposed method is higher than 95% and the diagnosis time is constant. When the leakage location is far away from HCSs, the proposed method can the diagnose hydrogen leakage in a shorter time than mainstream method.     

An analytical model for gas leakage through contact interface in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Sealing performance between two contacting surfaces is of significant importance to stable operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. In this work, an analytical micro-scale approach is first established to predict the gas leakage in fuel cells. Gas pressure and uneven pressure distribution at the interface are also included in the model. At first, the micro tortuous leakage path at the interface is constructed by introducing contact modelling and fractal porous structure theory. In order to obtain the leakage at the entire surface, contact pressure distribution is predicted based on bonded elastic layer model. The gas leakage through the discontinuous interface can be obtained with consideration of convection and diffusion. Then, experiments are conducted to validate the numerical model, and good agreement is obtained between them. Finally, influences of surface topology, gasket compression and gasket width on leakage are studied based on the model. The results show that gas leakage would be greatly amplified when the asperity standard deviation of surface roughness exceeds 1.0 μm. Gaskets with larger width and smaller thickness are beneficial to sealing performance. The model is helpful to understand the gas leakage behavior at the interface and guide the gasket design of fuel cells.     

Motion trajectory prediction model of hydrogen leak and diffusion in a stable thermally-stratified environment

The motion trajectory of hydrogen leakage is an essential safe issue for the application of hydrogen energy. A dimensionless fast-running motion trajectory prediction model is proposed to predict the dispersion characteristics of the buoyant jet of hydrogen leakage for the accident. The impact of different leakage angles, leakage velocity and thermal stratification of ambient air on hydrogen leakage behavior was analyzed. The new developed model was verified by experimental results in literatures. Leakage hydrogen can flow upwards freely in a uniform environment. However, it shows an oscillating trajectory at a certain height in a thermally stratified environment, which is so called “locking phenomenon”. The trajectory of hydrogen leakage is upward and hydrogen gathers at the top of the space to form stratification in a uniform environment, while the hydrogen leakage shows an oscillating trajectory at a certain height in a thermal stratification environment. With the increase of Froude number Fr, it shows that the stable height and maximum height of the leakage airflow have a trend of rising first and then falling in a thermally stratified environment. The findings are expected to give guidance in real-world situations, for example, a larger Fr value and a larger temperature gradient can lead to a decrease in the stable height in the thermally stratified environment. It is found that the fitting of the stable height with different temperature gradients satisfies the power function relationship. This work is expected to be helpful for reducing hydrogen leakage accumulation and explosion risk.     

CENDL库中Fe、W评价数据的改进对屏蔽积分实验计算结果的影响

利用中国原子能科学研究院核数据重点实验室中子积分实验装置，分别完成了氘氚中子与不同尺寸Fe、W样品作用的泄漏中子飞行时间谱实验测量。利用MCNP 4C程序开展了泄漏中子飞行时间谱的模拟计算，Fe和W的评价数据分别采用CENDL 32库及CENDL 31库的数据，并将两数据库模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析，重点分析了CENDL 32库中Fe和W的数据的改进与不足。结果表明：对Fe中子评价数据，CENDL 32库在弹性散射能区、连续能级非弹性散射能区及分立能级非弹性散射能区，模拟结果均与实验结果符合较好，较CENDL 31库有明显改善；对W中子评价数据，CENDL 32库在非弹性散射能区的模拟结果与实验结果符合较好，较CENDL 31库有明显改善，但在弹性散射能区模拟结果高于实验结果，在(n,2n)反应能区模拟结果低于实验结果。CENDL 32库关于天然W的中子评价数据有待进一步改善。     

横山北部区域防漏堵漏技术现场应用成果

随着中国经济不断发展,石油的使用频率逐渐在增加。在石油开发过程中,新的技术和工艺也在发展中不断被使用,从而推动提高了石油的开发效率和开发质量。在石油开发过程中,只有及时了解钻井施工现场的情况,才能够减少施工中出现的风险,从而减少钻井施工的经济损失。通过分析井漏危害,了解进行防漏堵漏工作的必要性,进一步分析横山北部区域漏失原因,并针对该区域目前的现状,提出推后工艺堵漏、调整钻井液性能、随钻堵漏和分钻堵漏四种堵漏措施,在横山北部区域实施后,取得了较好结果。     

注剂式带压密封新型四等分夹具性能分析

以突面对焊钢制管法兰的注剂式带压密封为研究对象,分别建立其通用型夹具与新型四等分夹具的有限元模型,并运用ABAQUS有限元软件分析通用型夹具和新型四等分夹具的力学性能。结果表明:当压力为6 MPa时,新型四等分夹具周向最大拉应力为通用型夹具的66.97%,螺栓最大拉应力为通用型夹具的38.16%,形变位移为通用型夹具的93.65%。新型四等分夹具在承压能力、应力集中方面都优于通用型夹具,因而具有更高的承压能力和使用寿命。     

金属O形环密封结构的泄漏模型研究

基于分形理论的金属垫片泄漏模型,改进了密封面的接触模型,综合考虑了密封面微凸体的完全弹性、第一弹塑性、第二弹塑性和微凸体大小分布的域扩展因子;分析金属O形环密封接触宽度与设计压缩率的关系,推导出金属O形环密封结构的泄漏模型,并进行验证分析。结果表明:压缩率在一定范围内,接触宽度随压缩率的增加而逐渐增加;但当压缩率超过一定值后,O形环发生塌陷,导致接触宽度迅速减小;各压缩率下计算得到的泄漏率与试验结果在同一量级,说明建立的泄漏模型适用于金属O形环密封结构泄漏率的预测。     

热效应影响下浮环轴承润滑静特性研究

建立计入热效应的浮环轴承流体动压润滑模型,利用数值差分法联立求解雷诺方程,进而求解浮环轴承端泄流量;通过与实验数据的对比,验证所建模型的正确性;考虑浮环受热膨胀变形的影响,研究供油温度对摩擦功耗、温升、浮动环转速、端泄流量等浮环轴承润滑静特性参数的影响。结果表明:提高润滑油供油温度会明显提升浮动环旋转速度,增大轴承内间隙的供油量,减小内外油膜摩擦功耗和端泄温升;端泄温升随轴颈转速的升高而增大,温升随轴颈转速变化的幅度在采用较低温度的润滑油时表现得更为剧烈。     

Potential pitfalls of smart city development: A study on parking mobile applications (apps) in Hong Kong

Smart cities are built upon information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable a broad range of advanced services. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study identified four pitfalls brought by the pervasive application of ICT, including information insecurity, privacy leakage, information islands, and digital divide. Therefore, a questionnaire survey together with 27 interviews was conducted in Hong Kong to investigate how the public perceived these pitfalls within the context of mobile apps providing real-time parking information which form a major part of smart mobility. System insecurity and privacy leakage were found to arouse worries among the app-users while their awareness of protecting personal data was found to have room for improvement. Islands of real-time parking information occur as a result of the lack of collaboration among private carpark operators. Digital divide existed widely among the disadvantaged groups and the problem cannot be solved by mere provision of ICT facilities. Overall, technologies alone cannot make a city smart or smarter. It is the suitable way in which ICTs are used to serve all citizens that matters.