Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Method for the Quantification of Epoxidized Methyl Oleate

Epoxidized methyl esters (EMO) with their high oxirane ring reactivity, acts as a raw material in the synthesis of various industrial chemicals including polymers, stabilizers, plasticizers, glycols, polyols, carbonyl compounds, biolubricants etc. EMO has been generally quantified by the gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Taking into the account of the limitations of these techniques, two qHNMR-based equations have been proposed for the quantification of EMO in the mixture of EMO and methylesters (MO). The validity of the proposed method was determined using standard mixtures of MO and EMO having different molar concentrations. The developed equations have been applied on the samples of EMO prepared from oleic acid in two-step process viz., esterification followed by epoxidation. The qHNMR-based EMO quantification showed acceptable agreement with the results obtained from HPLC analysis.     

深圳市区食用植物油中 3-氯丙醇酯的污染情况分析

目的建立食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD ester)的气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS),并对93份深圳市售食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯的含量进行调查。方法称取0.1 g样品,用1 m L甲醇钠甲醇溶液(0.25 mol/L)将脂肪中的3-氯丙醇酯水解成3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD),用硅藻土小柱净化后,七氟丁酰基咪唑进行衍生处理,用气相色谱-质谱联用法检测3-氯丙醇酯含量,采用内标法定量。结果 3-氯丙醇酯在250~5000μg/kg范围内线性良好(r0.999),3个浓度水平下加标回收率为78.5%~99.8%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~6.0%。93份食用植物油样品中,检出率28%,3-氯丙醇酯含量为0~73.70 mg/kg。结论深圳市成年人群食用植物油平均3-氯丙醇酯的摄入较为安全。     

Identification and Composition of Clasper Scent Gland Components of the Butterfly Heliconius erato and Its Relation to Mimicry

The butterfly Heliconius erato occurs in various mimetic morphs. The male clasper scent gland releases an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone and additionally contains a complex mixture of up to 350 components, varying between individuals. In 114 samples of five different mimicry groups and their hybrids 750 different compounds were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Many unknown components occurred, which were identified using their mass spectra, gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy (GC/IR)-analyses, derivatization, and synthesis. Key compounds proved to be various esters of 3-oxohexan-1-ol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol with (S)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoic acid, accompanied by a large variety of other esters with longer terpene acids, fatty acids, and various alcohols. In addition, linear terpenes with up to seven uniformly connected isoprene units occur, e. g. farnesylfarnesol. A large number of the compounds have not been reported before from nature. Discriminant analyses of principal components of the gland contents showed that the iridescent mimicry group differs strongly from the other, mostly also separated, mimicry groups. Comparison with data from other species indicated that Heliconius recruits different biosynthetic pathways in a species-specific manner for semiochemical formation.     

Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalic Acid Esters in Gums and Soapstocks Obtained from Soybean Oil Refinery

Soybean oil gums and soapstocks are important by-products that may potentially be contaminated by persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phthalic acid esters (PAE), thus lowering the value when using them as starting materials to produce animal feed additives, food industry ingredients, and pharmaceutical products. In the present work, PAH and PAE distributions in these two types of by-products were detected using solvent extraction–solid phase extraction purification coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Total PAH and PAE amounts in the soapstocks were significantly higher than those in the gums, thus indicating that neutralization showed much higher removal efficiency than degumming in terms of PAH and PAE eliminations. Meanwhile, the results proved that the concentrations of these two kinds of contaminants in the soybean oil gums and soapstocks were much higher than those in the soybean oils, suggesting that further investigations were needed and that the contents of PAH and PAE in soybean oil refining by-products should be carefully monitored and regulated.     

Soybean Oil Fatty Acid Ester Estolides as Potential Plasticizers

Fatty acid ester estolides were synthesized from soybean oil and evaluated for plasticizer functionality in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The plasticization ability of the fatty acid ester estolides depends upon the molecular features such as polarity, molecular weight, and branching. The structure of the fatty acid derivatives was modified at the ester head group with various alcohols and the estolide branch was created at the site of unsaturation. Soy fatty acid esters of methanol, iso-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, and glycerol were prepared to vary the size and polarity at the ester head group. Estolides of these fatty acid esters were prepared using two synthetic routes. In the first route, the fatty acid ester was condensed with an aliphatic acid at the site of unsaturation in the presence of a strong mineral acid. In the second route, the fatty acid ester double bonds were converted to epoxy groups, which were ring opened and acetylated to form acetate estolides. The first synthetic route resulted in low-average estolide content per fatty acid chain while the second route resulted in a higher estolide content per fatty acid chain. The fatty acid ester estolides compounded with PVC showed good plasticizer properties as evidenced by the rheological properties and reduction in glass transition temperature. The fatty acid ester estolides with a higher estolide content had better plasticizer functionality, comparable to commercial controls.     

Synthesis of absorbent polymer films made from fatty acid methyl esters,glycerol, and glutaric acid: Thermal,mechanical, and porosity analyses

In previous studies, monoglycerides (MGs) were incorporated into the matrix of poly(glutaric acid–glycerol) films to investigate their effect on the thermal, mechanical, and solvent absorption properties of the resultant films. In this study, the same properties were monitored when fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were added to the polymer film formulation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that, while the decomposition profile of the FAME and MG-infused films were different, the final decomposition temperatures were similar for both film types at approximately 400 °C. Degree of branching (DB%) was calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance data and was used to examine the effect of DB% on the mechanical and absorption properties of the films. Experimental results did not show any correlation with DB% and any of the physical, chemical, mechanical, or thermal properties studied. Relative to the poly(glycerol–glutaric acid) control, the incorporation of MG into the polymer matrix resulted in improved % absorption but decreased the mechanical property values. Conversely, adding FAME into the matrix improved the mechanical property values; however, there was no significant change in the % absorption values relative to the control. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47822.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定液体乳及乳粉中的17种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

目的建立气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,GC-MS/MS)同时测定液体乳及乳粉中17种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的含量。方法样品经乙腈超声提取,凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)净化后用GC-MS/MS分析,外标法定量。结果该方法线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9956～0.9999;方法的检出限(S/N=3)为3～60μg/kg;定量限(S/N=10)为10～200μg/kg;在50、200、500μg/kg添加水平下的平均回收率为78.2%～115.4%,相对标准偏差为2.65%～9.95%。结论本研究建立的方法样品处理简单快速、净化效果好、灵敏度和选择性高,适用于日常检测工作。