18世纪英国废墟景观之美学探究

在18世纪的英国,对废墟中的"时间性"美学的重新领悟,曾经推动旅行者和建筑师探索了一种新的景观美学概念"如画"。这一观念中,既包含田园牧歌式的古罗马废墟的回忆所引起的"愉悦的忧伤",又包含对崇高的哥特式废墟所裹挟的沉重历史的反思。因为这种回忆和反思所构建的时间感,"如画"成为英国风景园林的主流观念,并推动了废墟景观的兴起和传播。与此同时,英国旅行者和设计师对中国园林和中国风景的观感也在尝试和误读中介入了这一时期废墟景观的"发展",并和当时的美学思潮产生碰撞。本文的最后一部分将从中国园林的一些思想去回溯英国,试图发现二者曾共同领会到的渊深的时间之美。     

ESTIMATING RECHARGE FOR BRITISH AQUIFERS

This paper reviews methods of estimating recharge for a wide variety of aquifers in Britain. A soil moisture balance technique is used with direct representation of relevant soil and crop properties. Recharge contributions due to rainfall, runoff from impervious areas and leaking water mains and sewers are considered. In many field situations low permeability strata, which overlie the main aquifer, modify the timing and magnitude of the actual recharge. Runoff from less permeable strata can become runoff-recharge at the aquifer outcrop. Reference is made to several case studies.     

浅谈水泥混凝土路面的防滑性能及原材料和施工工艺对其影响

应用各种施工工艺,改善和提高了水泥混凝土路面的防滑性能;探讨了原材料对防滑性能的影响。特别详细说明了(机械)刻槽工艺显著的路面防滑效果。     

大英图书馆

本文简单介绍了大英图书馆的设计过程,以室外广场、入口大厅、阅览室、餐饮休息等区域为例对其建筑方案进行描述,并从周边环境、建筑功能及动作模式、使用者行为与心理、经济与未来因素等方面阐述了威尔森教授的有机设计理念。     

Review of the impact of the 1999 Water Regulation in reducing Cryptosporidium contamination risk in groundwater public supplies

In 2000, the UK introduced a Cryptosporidium oocyst monitoring programme for groundwater public supplies as a consequence of a 1999 amendment to statutory water quality regulations in England and Wales. The programme, which is ongoing and was estimated to have cost c. £12 million (€17.4 million) by the end of 2005, has accumulated the largest and most comprehensive array of data on the presence of oocysts in raw groundwater in the UK to date, with 90 water treatment works subjected to continuous monitoring at one time or another between 2000 and 2005. The programme was preceded by a scrutiny of the future of over 180 groundwater supplies identified as significantly at risk by the 19 water utilities concerned. The results of this process and of the monitoring programme up to 2005 are examined and critically reviewed.     

城市设计与城市更新:英国经验及其对中国的镜鉴

中国城市化率突破50％之后,城市更新成为城市发展的重点;城市设计作为控制城市空间形态的公共政策,面临新的挑战与需求.回顾了英国城市更新的主要挑战:去工业化与内城衰败、郊区化与边缘城市、全球化与城市竞争;城市设计作为英国的国家政策之一,通过推动消费及创意产业发展、内城再美化、郊区产业及形态多样化、塑造建筑与场所标志性及促进城市营销等策略,对英国的城市更新进行了全方位的推动.中国城市正面临迫切的城市更新的挑战,既有的城市设计实践范式也面临深刻的危机.英国经验为中国提供了批判性的镜鉴:城市设计应该成为综合性的城市更新战略的一部分、必须建立系统化的城市设计政策框架、城市设计对城市更新具有两面性等.     

Wild Ways and Paths of Pleasure: Access to British waterfalls, 1500–2000

In Britain the rise of tourism, largely associated with the Romantic taste for landscape, encouraged travel to relatively inaccessible areas. Among travellers in search of the picturesque and the sublime, waterfalls were particularly popular, but these were commonly difficult and dangerous places to visit. The impact of tourism on the evolution of the landscape at waterfall sites over a period during which people travelled to tourist centres on horseback, by coach, by rail and by motor vehicle is examined. Drawing on topographical, travel and tourist literature from the sixteenth century to 2000, together with extensive field observation, the evolution from the 'natural' to the designed landscape, created to meet the needs of, and to attract, visitors, is considered. It is demonstrated how, while facilitating visits to natural attractions such as waterfalls, improved access and the provision of amenities have changed valued landscapes and, hence, the visitor's experience of them.     

From the Raj to Independence: British investment in the Indian electricity sector

During the colonial times, electricity in India developed for a significant part thanks to British investment. Its growth remained modest and mainly linked to industrial needs, public lighting and common transportation. World War II stimulated industrial production and, consequently, the demand for electricity. The immediate years following the war were even more promising since the preparations for national Independence included a major restructuring of electricity generation and distribution. The 1948 Law on electricity and the first 5-year plans which began in 1951 set the framework for a major development. Instead of nationalization, India chose a policy which allowed for the participation of both private and public enterprises. British and Indian private investment responded positively to the change. At the beginning of the 1950s, the British presence was felt in the power industry. However, a decade later, it was already diminishing. This paper explains the nature of the policy which allowed a partnership between private and public sectors, the reasons why the latter finally prevailed over the former and the consequences on British investment.     

Purifying Bodies,Translating Race: The Lantern Slides of Sir Everard im Thurn

In 1893 the colonial administrator and anthropologist, Everard Ferdinand im Thurn, gave an illustrated lecture, entitled Anthropological Uses of the Camera, in which he used more than thirty lantern slides. Im Thurn argued that, in addition to photographing the measured physical body, ‘primitive folk’ as ‘living beings’ in their ‘natural conditions’ could also be captured on film for the advancement of anthropological science. Although this lecture has been seen as representing a humanistic turn in anthropological photography, little attention has been given to the ways in which lantern slide technology participated in and facilitated this shift. The present paper demonstrates that im Thurn used the lantern slide to re‐assert and re‐define the scope of anthropological inquiry, altering the connections between morality and race and culture and nature. Lantern slides not only permitted heightened public visibility of particular selections of the body but also normalized classifications of race, nature, and culture. By situating lantern slides as photographic translations that travel through various spaces, we can begin to understand how the lantern slide was enlisted by im Thurn to uphold anthropology as a science, to alter what constituted a proper anthropological subject for the photograph, and ultimately to legitimize himself as a scholar.     

浅析英标、加标、美标螺纹钢的开发与生产

天铁轧二制钢有限公司于2004年前后成功研制开发了英标BS4449—1988 GR 460级别钢筋、符合加拿大CSA G30.18-M92标准要求的400W级别钢筋及符合美国ASTMA615 GR 60级别钢筋。对以上标准的化学成分、外形尺寸、技术要求上的异同和特点进行了分析对比,指出了钢坯采购的化学成分要求差别,及轧钢工艺对性能的影响,为今后生产多种标准的钢材提供了依据。