岩石圈深部探测与青藏高原研究

论述了岩石圈深部探测的作用和重大意义，它是一项国土基础地质情况的调查，可以为找矿预测、地震预报、能源开发及大陆动力学研究等多目标服务,是21世纪中国区域地质调查的重要内容，是一项伟大的科学工程；美国、前苏联和中国此前均已作了大量工作，但是有待深化和进一步开展调查；简要介绍了青藏高原近些年来开展深部调查的情况和取得的主要最新成果。     

黄土塬区天然气地震技术和综合解释

黄土塬区复杂的地表条件难以获得可供解释的物探资料,本文给出了勘探天然气的地震技术,在野外弯线地震数据采集中,冲沟区运用了弯线高分辨率技术;塬上区采用非纵测线和地震测深观测系统,大药量、深井和强化组合法的接收条件。初步解决了弯线地震资料处理中二维滤波、静校正、速度分析等技术难题。摸索出一套以地震为骨架,构造解释与岩性解释相结合,重力-电法-地震联合解释落实古生界天然气构造圈闭的综合物探解释技术,并以实例展示方法的有效性。     

云南高原岩溶区极端降水变化规律研究

利用云南高原岩溶区9个气象站1960-2017年逐日降水量数据,通过MATLAB软件计算了6个极端降水指数,基于反距离加权插值、线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验以及Morlet连续小波变换等技术方法,探讨了云南高原岩溶区极端降水的演化规律。结果表明:云南高原岩溶区1960-2017年各极端降水指数中,CDD、RX1day、RX5day、SDII主要呈缓慢的上升趋势,CWD呈显著的下降趋势,PRCPTOT整体减少趋势不显著;1960-2017年间仅有CDD和PRCPTOT发生了显著突变,突变年份分别为2006年以及2000年,其余4个指数CWD、RX1day、RX5day、SDII无明显突变现象;各极端降水指数周期性震荡较为明显,CDD、CWD、RX1day、RX5day分别存在28~30a、26~30a、27~30a、27~30a的主周期,SDII与PRCPTOT在27~30a时间尺度上周期最为明显;1960-2017年云南高原岩溶区各极端降水指数空间差异较为明显,除CDD表现为由南向北逐渐递增趋势外,其余5个指数表现为由北向南逐渐递增的相反趋势;1960-2017年间,CDD、CWD、RX1day、RX5day以及SDII均与PRCPTOT呈一致的极显著正相关,相关系数均达0.98以上。极端降水的这些变化可为未来岩溶水资源管理、生态环境建设等方面提供参考。     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of misregistration on SRTM and DEM image differences

Image differences between Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data and other Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are often performed for either accuracy assessment or for estimating vegetation height across the landscape. It has been widely assumed that the effect of sub-pixel misregistration between the two models on resultant image differences is negligible, yet this has not previously been tested in detail. The aim of this study was to determine the impact that various levels of misregistration have on image differences between SRTM and DEMs. First, very accurate image co-registration was performed at two study sites between higher resolution DEMs and SRTM data, and then image differences (SRTM–DEM) were performed after various levels of misregistration were systematically introduced into the SRTM data. It was found that: (1) misregistration caused an erroneous and dominant correlation between elevation difference and aspect across the landscape; (2) the direction of the misregistration defined the direction of this erroneous and systematic elevation difference; (3) for sub-pixel misregistration the error due solely to misregistration was greater than, or equal to the true difference between the two models for substantial proportions of the landscape (e.g., greater than 33% of the area for a half-pixel misregistration); and (4) the strength of the erroneous relationship with aspect was enhanced by steeper terrain. Spatial comparisons of DEMs were found to be sensitive to even sub-pixel misregistration between the two models, which resulted in a strong erroneous correlation with aspect. This misregistration induced correlation with aspect is not likely specific to SRTM data only; we expect it to be a generic relationship present in any DEM image difference analysis.     

Charge exchange and the “Plateau” effect in YBa2Cu3O7?y

The superconducting properties of YBa₂Cu₃O_7- y, (YBCO) depend strongly on the oxygen content, whereas the transition temperatureT _cremains relatively constant for oxygen content between 6.8 and 7.0 (the Plateau effect) this effect has attracted considerable attention [see, e.g., D. de Fontaineet al., Nature (London) 343, 544 (1990); H. Paulsenet al., Nature (London) 349, 594 (1991); J. Jorgensen,Phys. Today 44, No. 6, 34 (1991)]. In this letter we introduce a microscopic theory of this phenomenon.     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律研究方向与途径

从黄土高原水土保持生态建设和黄河治理开发重大实践的需求出发,回顾了我国关于黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律研究的主要进展,分析了存在的问题,论述了深化黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律研究的重大需求,就黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律的研究方法与途径、研究方向与内容提出建议,认为应加强以下几方面的研究:重力侵蚀规律、不同治理措施配置下坡面-沟道系统侵蚀产沙耦合关系及泥沙输移规律、植被措施作用下的水文效应和产流机制、土壤侵蚀产沙发生发展过程尺度转换、黄土高原水土流失模拟理论与技术等;研究途径包括建设黄土高原土壤侵蚀试验观测体系、运用土壤侵蚀模型模拟与反演技术等。     

Study on thermal infrared remote sensing of Yarlung Zangbo River and Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture belt in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The area change of heat abnormity is not in accordance with conclusions of former thermal infrared remote sensing studies of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which were that the temperature of Yarlung Zangbo River suture belt of the southern Plateau is high and the northern temperature is low. The study result in this paper shows that the highest temperature is found in the Bangong Co-Nujiang River suture belt, the Yarlung Zangbo River suture belt temperature is the second highest, and the northern Tibet temperature is the lowest. The study demonstration area was the suture belt areas of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Bangong Co-Nujiang River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the land temperature of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the bore temperature of field land surface were measured and the emissivity of land surface was calculated. In addition, the authors explore the mechanism of the relationship between thermal infrared remote sensing and constructing thermodynamics and reach four new conclusions about the thermodynamics of the Tibet Plateau.     

对我国“南水北调”方案几点建议 第十三届全国结构工程学术会议特邀报告

本文主要对“南水北调”的两种方案进行了阐述与比较.旨在探索出一条.从生态建设入手,因地 制宜的,全力开发和利用地下空间,能从青藏高原深处及大兴安岭北端.实现中国“南水北调”2000 亿米3,“北水南调”200亿米3可持续发展治水之路.     

黄土包气带水分运移的现场研究

本文主要介绍在核素迁移试验现场进行的黄土包气带水分运移研究的方法和主要结果。包气带水分运移试验场建有一座 9.0 m深的负压计观测竖井和二个 2 8.0 m深的中子仪测管。分别采用 WM- 1型负压计系统和 IHiii型土壤中子水分仪测量黄土剖面的基质势和含水量。一组负压计和中子仪测管在天然条件下测量 ,连续观测 2年多 ,用于水分运移特征研究 ;另一组测量停止淹灌后的水分再分配过程 ,连续观测 7个月 ,用于非饱和渗透系数测定。结果表明 :(1)降雨入渗主要影响深度、蒸发影响深度在 1.0 m以上 ;(2 )水分运移可分为 4个带 :1.0 m深度以上为强交替带 ,含水量、水势和水势梯度随时间变化快、变幅大 ,液态水的运移比较明显 ;1.0～ 7.2 m深度上为含水量和水势随时间变化小的弱交替带 ,除黄土颗粒大小变化较大的深度处 ,一般来说 ,水势梯度方向单向向下 ,其中 :含水量和水势在 1.0～ 1.6 m深度上随时间变化较大 ,液态水的运移也比较明显 ;在 5.0～ 7.2 m深度上 ,水分变化很小 ,基本趋于稳定状态 ,液态水的运移很不明显 ,微弱的热水汽扩散显现出来 ;在 7.2～ 2 3.0 m深度上 ,含水量除在黄土 -古土壤 -钙质结核层组合交界处有变化外 ,其余则基本保持与黄土颗粒大小变化相对应的稳定状态 ,为水分运移的传递带 ;2 3.