Bamboo biochar-catalytic degradation of lignin under microwave heating

Abstract

Lignin biochar-catalytic depolymerization using biochar Fe-600, Fe-800, Ni-600, Ni-800 catalysts under microwave-heating (180?°C for 30?min) was explored in an ethanol/formic acid (1:1) media. Non-catalyst depolymerization was also studied and compared with the biochar-catalysts results. Characteristics of the bio-char catalysts were analyze by BET, XRD, and FT-IR. GPC, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry were also used to characterize the depolymerization products. The experimental results showed that the S_BET, V_t, and V_mec and average pore diameter of the biochars are considerably dependent on the preparation temperature and type of cation (Ni²⁺ or Fe³⁺). The maximum yield of bio-oil product was obtained as 85?wt% with the addition of biochar Ni-600 and the total amount of oligomers or monomers with a molecular weight of 164 to 446 reaches 80.4%.     

Fatigue in bamboo

This paper describes the results of an experimental programme to determine the fatigue behaviour of bamboo. Bamboo is subjected to cyclic loading, both in the plant itself and subsequently when the material is used in load-bearing applications in the construction industry. However, there is currently no data in the literature describing fatigue in this material. We found that sections of bamboo culm loaded parallel to the culm axis did not undergo fatigue failure: samples either failed on the first loading cycle, or not at all. By contrast, fatigue was readily apparent in samples loaded in compression across the diameter of the culm. The number of cycles to failure increased as the cyclic load range decreased in a manner similar to that found in many engineering materials: fatigue occurred at applied loads as small as 40% of the ultimate strength. Two different species of bamboo were tested and found to have different ultimate strengths but similar high-cycle fatigue strengths. Finite element analysis was used to help understand the progression of fatigue damage and the effect of stress concentration features. Some tentative design rules are proposed to define stress levels for the safe use of bamboo, taking fatigue into account.     

基于堆栈降噪自编码的轴承故障诊断方法

针对传统轴承故障智能诊断中特征学习困难,且需要掌握大量的信号处理方法和诊断经验,提出直接从原始数据出发对轴承故障状态进行分类识别的新方法。该方法通过深度学习利用原始振动数据训练堆栈自编码网络,由于免除了智能诊断的显式特征提取阶段,从而能够减少人工参与因素,摆脱了对大量信号处理技术与诊断经验的依赖。试验结果显示:所提出的方法能对轴承故障识别率达到97%,具有较好的识别能力,能够完成故障特征的自适应提取,增强了机械故障诊断的智能性。     

Fibrous raw material of bamboo origin with improved fibrillation and spinnability

For making use of the natural biomass, the textile features of the bamboo fibres were optimized. Since lignin content of the fibres is responsible for its textile properties, the alkali-treated bamboo fibres were bleached with peracetic acid that resulted into the desired removal of lignin content of the fibres. As evident from the scanning electron microscopic images, the morphology of the fibres was much improved over the control samples. The resulting fibre possesses desirable tenacity, colouring properties and strength. Overall, an improved method for chemical treatment of bamboo fibres is developed so that this natural biomass is used for textile purpose.     

Characterisation and in vitro cytotoxicity of toxic and degradation compounds in bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus Sinicus) during traditional fermentation

Fermentation has been historically applied to reduce bamboo shoot (BS) toxicity. However, the underlying degradation pathway of the toxic compounds remains unknown. In this work, the cytotoxicity of BS against the BRL-3A cells was evaluated, and the changes in chemical constituents were determined to reveal the influence of fermentation on BS. The in vitro toxic evaluation revealed fermentation time was crucial in decreasing the toxicity. The main compounds in fresh and fermented were qualitatively and quantitatively determined and were further targeted isolated and identified. A mathematical model to describe the change rate as a function of fermentation time was formulated. Dynamic profiling revealed that taxiphyllin 1 , p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 2 and methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate 3 decreased and transformed into intermediate compounds (p-hydroxybenzoic acid 4 and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 5 ), finally converting into p-hydroxytoluene 6 during fermentation. The results provided basis on the chemical components for practical fermentation and the quality control of BS products.     

Determination of kinetic parameters for thermal decomposition of bamboo leaf to extract bio-silica

Bio-silica has many applications due to its high reactivity and pozzolanic properties. The extraction of silica from biomass such as bamboo leaf is usually accomplished by thermal decomposition. Currently, the thermal decomposition requires external heat energy input. In this work, the possibility to reuse the heat released during thermal decomposition to make the process self-sustained is explored. The kinetic parameters of the combustion were determined by fitting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data to the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa model, where the corresponding activation energy and frequency factor are 211.7 ± 3.8 kJ mol^?1 and 4.5 × 10¹⁵ s^?1, respectively. The lower heating value of bamboo leaf determined is 8.709 kJ g^?1, which is comparable to common wood fuels. Hence, the heat released in the combustion of bamboo leaf can be reused to make the process self-sustainable.     

关于竹桩复合地基工程实测及理论的探讨

应用土力学的基本原理,根据工程实测数据,对竹桩复合地基的承载力、变形和固结特征进行了探讨,认识了其性能的实用性和科学性。     

Effect of blanching and drying treatments on quality of bamboo shoot slices

The enzymes activity, texture, pectin, microstructure and colour change in bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) were examined to evaluate the effect of blanching and drying treatments on quality of bamboo shoot slices (BSS). Peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase and polyphenol oxidase in BSS will become completely inactive at 95 °C for 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐min blanching treatments, respectively. The hardness and protopectin (PP) content decreased after the blanching treatment. Meanwhile, the content of water‐soluble pectin increased initially and then decreased gradually during the blanching. After the blanching treatment, the L* and a* of BSS decreased, while b* increased, ΔE > 2. The hardness of rehydrated BSS decreased by 43.57% after freeze drying (FD), which, however, decreased more after hot air drying (HAD). The pectin of rehydrated BSS was also determined to explain the hardness change in BSS. The BSS acquired similar microstructure of fresh samples after FD, while microstructure of BSS was severely damaged after HAD. The colour of BSS changes significantly after drying treatment. However, FD can maintain better colour of BSS than HAD. The results may provide a reference for industrial production of BSS.     

浅谈原创家具设计的现状及其发展

通过对原创家具设计的现状进行调研,对中国原创力量进行分析,指出了中国家具行业"先天不足,后天畸形"的现象,并探索其产生根源。同时强调了中国原创的崛起与发展,为家具原创设计的发展提供参考性建议。