高校图书馆参加“农家书屋”建设的思考与实践

高校图书馆在参与支持“农家书屋”的建设与发展中具有专业技术人才、信息资源等优势,可以通过对“农家书屋”管理员进行图书情报业务培训、协助“农家书屋”制定管理制度与开发自动化管理软件、组织高校教职工及大学生捐献图书与声像资料、组织大学生寒暑假“三下乡”和建设高校“读者协会”的社会实践基地来推动“农家书屋”的健康发展.     

Application of geographical information systems to rural electrification with renewable energy sources

This paper approaches one of the main problems of rural electrification: the choice of the most appropriate technology for each case. The main objective of this project is to apply Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to divide the research zone into areas in that are more appropriate for either conventional or renewable technologies. The approaches for choosing among the different technologies are usually technical and economic; these may be jointly considered by the leveling electric cost (LEC). Determination of the LEC is a complex task that requires knowledge of the capacity factor. This paper shows the conclusions of the technical and economic parameter analysis involved in the determination of the LEC for each technology. This analysis has allowed us to carry out proposals of improvement in the methodology of the GIS of rural electrification. The resulting GIS has been verified in the municipality of Lorca (Murcia, Spain).     

攀枝花市农村居民食物结构与饮食习惯调查

目的：了解攀枝花市农村居民的食物结构与饮食习惯,指导其建立科学的生活方式提供依据。方法：对攀枝花市农村居民331人进行饮食习惯和饮食结构问卷调查,所有有效问卷均用SPSS11.0进行统计分析。结果：不同地域居民在一周内定时用餐、吃早餐,一月内吃水果、畜肉和蛋、奶及其制品有明显差异（P〈0.05）,男女性别之间在一周内定时用餐、吃早餐,一月内吃水果和禽肉有显著差异（P〈0.05）,不同文化程度的居民一周内定时用餐、吃早餐和一月内吃水产品有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论：攀枝花市农村居民的饮食结构和习惯与中国居民膳食指南和平衡膳食宝塔的要求还存在差距,有必要用营养知识对他们进行指导和干预。     

地域性景观的文化意蕴

本文以地域性景观为切入点和研究对象,在阅读和分析典型地域性景观各个元素的基础上,从视觉价值、环境心理学、美学价值、历史文脉等四个方面来阐述地域性景观的文化底蕴.     

Simulator evaluation of drivers' speed, deceleration and lateral position at rural intersections in relation to different perceptual cues

Aim of the study was to investigate, by means of a driving simulator experiment, drivers’ behaviour in terms of speed, deceleration, and lateral position on major approaches of rural intersections in relation to different perceptual cues.In the experiment, ten different design conditions with and without speed-reducing treatments along the approach to the intersection were tested. Twenty-three drivers drove a test route two times and data from the second drive were used for comparison. The order of the ten design conditions was counterbalanced for all the drivers to minimize the presentation order effect. Three different data analysis techniques were used: (a) cluster analysis of speed and lateral position data, (b) statistical tests of speed and lateral position data, and (c) categorical analysis of deceleration behaviour patterns.The most effective treatments were the dragon teeth markings (based on the principle of optical road narrowing), the colored intersection area (based on the principle of intersection highlighting), and the raised median island (based on the principle of physical road narrowing). These measures, in comparison to the base intersection, produced: (1) a significant speed reduction starting from 250 m before the intersection in the range between 13 and 23 km/h, (2) a significant change in the deceleration behaviour with a reduction in the proportion of drivers which did not decelerate, and (3) a shift away from the intersection of the deceleration beginning. Given the significant effects on drivers’ behaviour, the dragon teeth markings, the colored intersection area, and the raised median island are strongly recommended for real world implementation.     

政府主导下的农村交通基础设施建设模式及其借鉴——韩国新农村运动道路交通建设考察

始于1970年的韩国“新农村运动”,通过一系列实实在在的项目开发和建设工程,在增加农民收入、改善农村面貌、缩小城乡工农差距等方面作了探索并取得成功。虽然韩国新农村运动的发展背景、发展模式与当前上海新农村建设有一定的差别,但是其在城镇规划体系、建管机制、综合交通管理等方面依然对上海的新农村建设有一定的指导作用。     

Evaluating the potential of small-scale renewable energy options to meet rural livelihoods needs: A GIS- and lifecycle cost-based assessment of Western China's options

The economics and livelihoods impacts of stand-alone, small-scale (less than 2 kW) renewable energy technologies for rural electrification are assessed using a representative sample of 531 rural households in three provinces of Western China. Over 20 small wind, photovoltaic (PV) and wind–PV hybrid configurations were evaluated for their potential to meet local electricity needs. The assessment integrates lifecycle costing and geographic information system (GIS) methods in order to provide a comprehensive resource, economic, technological and livelihoods assessment. The results of the analysis indicate that off-grid renewable energy technologies can provide cost-effective and reliable alternatives to conventional generator sets in addressing rural livelihoods energy requirements. Findings also demonstrate the existence of a sizeable market potential for stand-alone renewable energy systems in Western China. In support of market development for these technologies, policy recommendations are provided.     

Hope and skepticism: Farmer and local community views on the socio-economic benefits of agricultural bioenergy

U.S. government policies and programs promoting agricultural bioenergy development have tended to prioritize national goals of energy security, economic growth and environmental improvement, while marginalizing the local experiences, views and concerns of farmers and rural communities that will produce the needed energy crops. Based on qualitative field interviews with 48 farming and non-farming participants in two switchgrass bioenergy projects (in southern Iowa and in northeastern Kentucky), this paper examines local perspectives on the potential opportunities, drawbacks, and tradeoffs of the emerging agricultural bioeconomy for rural people and places. Individual project participants expressed both positive and negative perceptions about the impacts of the agricultural bioeconomy, with local and regional revitalization being the benefit most desired and also least expected. Skepticism about the social impacts of the agricultural bioeconomy often stemmed from observations of corporate control in agriculture more generally. This research suggests that narrow instrumental views of farmers and rural communities as technical providers of energy feedstocks can be misleading, because they omit the local social and cultural context that complicates rural responses and receptivity to the development of the agricultural bioeconomy.     

Economic analysis on small-scale forest biomass gasification considering geographical resources distribution and technical characteristics

Biomass is getting the great interest in Japan, and the cabinet approved “Biomass Nippon Strategy” in 2002 to promote the utilization of biomass. Although various projects utilizing wood biomass for energy uses have started already, many of them utilize mainly waste wood. Forest biomass remains unutilized because of the high logistic cost and the small scale of resource generation at a site. Small-scale gasification is considered as a suitable technology for forest biomass, and more than 10 demonstration plants have started to be operated recently. This study analyzes the economic feasibility of the small-scale forest biomass CHP system with gasification technology in Japan.The authors have developed the BiRReT tool, which takes input data such as geographical resource distribution and scale merit information of the target technology, and analyzes the economics of bioenergy system in target region by finding the optimal conditions; namely plant size, plant location, the number of plants, and lower generation costs. A case study in Miyagi prefecture revealed the conclusion that the system with logging residue fuel has the economic feasibility if the capital cost and the resource price will decrease from the BAU case by technological learning in the future. On the other hand, thinned wood will not be utilized as a fuel for power plants due to high fuel production cost. It is also found by the tool analysis that the technology’s scale merit has stronger impact on power generation cost in the trade-off between scale merit and the transportation cost.     

Comprehending household cooking energy choice in rural India

Energy is essential to attain the quality of life and economic prosperity in a society. In the rural areas of India, cooking dominates the aggregate consumption of energy. This energy demand is mostly met by biomass fuels, which have many associated inherent disadvantages. Hence, it is important to understand the decision making process in rural households regarding the choice of cooking fuels. For this purpose, household information using the 61st round of National Sample Survey is analyzed for the rural parts of India. The logistic regression model is used to explain the determinants of clean fuel use for cooking purposes. The study shows that number of educated females between 10 and 50 years of age, average household education index, regular salary, and monthly per capita consumption expenditure have a positive and significant impact on probability of using clean cooking fuels, whereas possessing a Below Poverty Line ration card, belonging to reserved caste categories, family size and size of farm land have a significant negative linkage.