Enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs by spontaneous imbibition of low salinity water

An experimental study was performed to investigate the impact of low salinity water on wettability alteration in carbonate core samples from southern Iranian reservoirs by spontaneous imbibition. In this paper, the effect of temperature, salinity, permeability and connate water were investigated by comparing the produced hydrocarbon curves. Contact angle measurements were taken to confirm the alteration of surface wettability of porous media. Oil recovery was enhanced by increasing the dilution ratio of sea water, and there existed an optimum dilution ratio at which the highest oil recovery was achieved. In addition, temperature had a very significant impact on oil recovery from carbonate rocks. Furthermore, oil recovery from a spontaneous imbibition process was directly proportional to the permeability of the core samples. The presence of connate water saturation inside the porous media facilitated oil production significantly. Also, the oil recovery from porous media was highly dependent on ion repulsion/attraction activity of the rock surface which directly impacts on the wettability conditions. Finally, the highest ion attraction percentage was measured for sodium while there was no significant change in pH for all experiments.     

Composition-dependent xBa(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-(1-x)(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 bulk ceramics for high energy storage applications

This work reports the composition dependent microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric and energy storage properties, and the phase transitions sequence of lead free xBa(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃-(1-x)(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ [xBZT-(1-x)BCT] ceramics, with x?=?0.4, 0.5 and 0.6, prepared by solid state reaction method. The XRD and Raman scattering results confirm the coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases at room temperature (RT). The temperature dependence of Raman scattering spectra, dielectric permittivity and polarization points a first phase transition from ferroelectric rhombohedral phase to ferroelectric tetragonal phase at a temperature (T_R-T) of 40?°C and a second phase transition from ferroelectric tetragonal phase - paraelectric pseudocubic phase at a temperature (T_T-C) of 110?°C. The dielectric analysis suggests that the phase transition at T_T-C is of diffusive type and the BZT-BCT ceramics are a relaxor type ferroelectric materials. The composition induced variation in the temperature dependence of dielectric losses was correlated with full width half maxima (FWHM) of A₁, E(LO) Raman mode. The saturation polarization (P_s) ≈8.3?μC/cm² and coercive fields ≈2.9?kV/cm were found to be optimum at composition x?=?0.6 and is attributed to grain size effect. It is also shown that BZT-BCT ceramics exhibit a fatigue free response up to 10⁵ cycles. The effect of a.c. electric field amplitude and temperature on energy storage density and storage efficiency is also discussed. The presence of high T_T-C (110?°C), a high dielectric constant (ε_r ≈?12,285) with low dielectric loss (0.03), good polarization (P_s ≈?8.3?μC/cm²) and large recoverable energy density (W?=?121?mJ/cm³) with an energy storage efficiency (η) of 70% at an electric field of 25?kV/cm in 0.6BZT-0.4BCT ceramics make them suitable candidates for energy storage capacitor applications.     

Spontaneous relaxor to ferroelectric transition in lead-free relaxor piezoceramics and the role of point defects

The occupationally disordered structures and associated local polar fluctuations in lead-free relaxors determine their electrical properties that are also sensitive to external stimuli. These stimuli can lead to phase transitions, and the associated enhancement in the electro-mechanical responses necessitate a better understanding of these transitions. Here we report a non-canonical spontaneous phase transition from a relaxor to a ferroelectric phase in (Na_1/2Bi_1/2)TiO₃-BaTiO₃ with temperature. With the help of experiments (dielectric permittivity, diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, polarization and Raman spectroscopy), a complete picture of the temperature evolution of relaxor behavior leading to this spontaneous phase transition has been reported. Furthermore, it has been shown that internal chemical pressure from oxygen vacancies can be utilized to tailor these phase transitions. Finally, an electric field-temperature phase diagram has been proposed with an emphasis on the influence of the defect chemistry. This work provides new insights into the origin of these spontaneous phase transitions.     

Trademarks and the patent premium value: Evidence from medical and cosmetic products

The determinants of the premium value of patents for medical and cosmetic products are analyzed with respect to a complementary IP strategy such as trademarks. I discuss a novel method and database to gauge combinations of patent and trademark pairs regarding the same innovative project. The premium value is computed through a model of renewal decisions for the patent cohorts 1985–1990 that have been designated in the U.K. and Germany. After taking into the account several firm characteristics and patent indicators typically used in the literature, I find ample evidences that patent and trademark pairs are featured by higher valuations.     

山地河谷型村落的更新与活化 ——以浙江德清东沈村为例

江南地区山地纵横、水网密布， 地貌丰富多样，村落呈现出不同的类型及特 征，山地河谷村落数量众多。但现阶段乡建 同质化严重，不同类型村落的适宜性政策被 忽略。本文以浙江德清东沈村为例，分析山 地河谷村落特征，以地形地貌为出发点，从 山、水、村落三方面，提出基于山水特质的村 落更新与活化策略，促进乡村经济、社会、文 化的永续发展。     

苏里格气田盒8段致密砂岩气储层滑溜水压裂渗吸实验研究

以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田盒8段致密砂岩气藏储层为研究对象,对其天然岩心进行了室内自发渗吸模拟实验,具体选择采用质量法和体积法,分析研究了影响致密砂岩储层自吸的因素。实验表明,渗透率、温度因素对致密砂岩岩心渗吸采收率的影响较大,且都为积极影响。     

Chirping techniques for enhancing the performance of SOA-based UWB over fiber systems: An experimental demonstration

A phaser-based processing technique was adopted in an UWB over fiber system employing SOA. The target is to simultaneously reduce the ASE noise impact and nonlinear effects inherent to optical amplification. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of chirping in terms of cross correlation and bit error rate.     

Numerical simulation of the effect of multiple obstacles inside the tube on the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release

Self-ignition may occur during hydrogen storage and transportation if high-pressure hydrogen is suddenly released into the downstream pipelines, and the presence of obstacles inside the pipeline may affect the ignition mechanism of high-pressure hydrogen. In this work, the effects of multiple obstacles inside the tube on the shock wave propagation and self-ignition during high-pressure hydrogen release are investigated by numerical simulation. The RNG k-ε turbulence model, EDC combustion model, and 19-step detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism are employed. After verifying the reliability of the model with experimental data, the self-ignition process of high-pressure hydrogen release into tubes with obstacles with different locations, spacings, shapes, and blockage ratios is numerically investigated. The results show that obstacles with different locations, spacings, shapes and blockage ratios will generate reflected shock waves with different sizes and propagation trends. The closer the location of obstacles to the burst disk, the smaller the spacing, and the larger the blockage ratio will cause the greater the pressure of the reflected shock wave it produces. Compared with the tubes with rectangular-shaped, semi-circular-shaped and triangular-shaped obstacles, self-ignition is preferred to occur in tube with triangular-shaped obstacles.     

煤矸石山自燃防治对策探析

简述了煤矸石山自燃的危害，介绍了两种煤矸石山自燃的治理方法，根据本人的了解重点介绍了饱和石灰水配火碱渗透注浆法-改良的石灰乳注浆治理法；对煤矸石自燃原因进行分析，并提出预防对策。