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排序方式: 共有155条查询结果,搜索用时 17 毫秒
1.
精确求解人体与环境表面间的角系数是研究辐射空调房间内人体辐射散热与热舒适的基本前提。结合角系数与有效辐射面积的离散公式,推导出人体与环境表面辐射角系数的数值模拟结果修正式,得到了中国人三维坐姿人体模型。在分别对坐姿人体与顶板、壁面、地板间的角系数模拟求解后发现,坐姿人体前后具有较大的方向性,人体对前方环境表面的角系数大于人体对后方环境表面的角系数。将角系数的数值模拟解与半解析解进行比较,对于顶板与垂直壁面,半解析解与模拟解较为吻合;对于地板,半解析解与模拟解存在较大的误差,并对半解析解进行了相应的修正。  相似文献   
2.
Since a decrease in muscle mass of elderly people, the physical burden of them in standing‐sitting motion of a seat are increasing than young people. For this problem, several standing‐sitting support systems have been developed, and evaluations of these systems focusing on a reduction of physical load have been discussed. However, these evaluations are of support systems with an active actuators or of support systems when they use a handrail and a standing aid. Thus, an evaluation of a support system with only passive actuators has not been reported. In this paper, in standing motion with using a standing‐sitting support system with passive rotational seat mechanism which our group proposes, we objectively evaluate an effectiveness of the passive rotational seat mechanism by statistical analysis.  相似文献   
3.
《Ergonomics》2012,55(11):1029-1042
This research study analysed the interaction between people's postures and activities while in semi-public/leisure situations and during transportation (journey by train). In addition, the use of small electronic devices received particular emphasis. Video recordings in German trains and photographs in Dutch semi-public spaces were analysed using a variation of Branton and Grayson's (An evaluation of train seats by observation of sitting behaviour. Ergonomics, 10 (1), (1967), 35–51) postural targeting forms and photos. The analysis suggests a significant relationship between most activities and the position of the head, trunk and arms during transportation situations. The relationship during public situations is less straightforward. Watching, talking/discussing and reading were the most observed activities for the transportation and leisure situations combined. Surprisingly, differences in head, trunk, arm and leg postures were not significant when using small electronic devices. Important issues not considered in this study include the duration of the activities, the gender and age of observed subjects and the influence of the time of day. These are interesting issues to consider and include for future research.

Statement of Relevance: This study shows what activities people choose to carry out and their related postures when not forced to a specific task (e.g. driving). The results of this study can be used for designing comfortable seating in the transportation industry (car passenger, train, bus and aircraft seats) and semi-public/leisure spaces.  相似文献   
4.
《Ergonomics》2012,55(12):1685-1695
Abstract

Ergonomics science recommends office chairs that promote active sitting to reduce sitting related complaints. Since current office chairs do not fulfill this recommendation, a new chair was developed by inverting an existing dynamic chair principle. This study compares active sitting on the inverted chair during a simulated computer-based office task to two existing dynamic office chairs (n?=?8). Upper body stability was analysed using Friedman ANOVA (p?=?.01). In addition, participants completed a questionnaire to rate their comfort and activity after half a working day.

The inverted chair allowed the participants to perform a substantial range of lateral spine flexion (11.5°) with the most stable upper body posture (≤11?mm, ≤2°, p?≤?.01). The results of this study suggest that the inverted chair supports active sitting with backrest support during computer-based office work. However, according to comfort and activity ratings, results should be verified in a future field study with 24 participants.

Practitioner Summary: This experimental laboratory study analyses the feasibility of active sitting with a backrest support during common office work on a new type of dynamic office chair. The results demonstrate that active sitting with a backrest support is feasible on the new but limited on existing chairs.  相似文献   
5.
This paper proposes a stochastic multi-objective model for integration of distributed generations (DGs) in distribution networks. The proposed model determines the optimal location and size of DGs by optimising different objective functions dependently and simultaneously subject to the operating constraints. If proper sizes of DGs are located in suitable sites and are also managed properly they can improve integrity, reliability and efficiency of the system. Regarding the widespread impact of uncertainties, some strategies must be devised in order to incorporate them well into power system modelling and hence achieve the best possible strategy to be adopted which its characteristics keep closer to reality. The most important uncertainties in network planning are load forecasting and market price errors. The proposed scheme is solved using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms II, allowing the distribution company (DisCo) to exercise his/her personal preferences. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, simulations are carried out on a 33-bus distribution network and finally the attained results are discussed.  相似文献   
6.
蒋兰 《包装工程》2012,33(2):31-35
以坐行为为研究出发点,论述了坐具设计与生活方式的互动关系,以及坐具造型以人为本的特征,通过典型实例论述了坐具对人体的高度契合、对多种生活方式的适应、满足消费者个性化需求方面、对使用者情感的回应,以及对周围空间的融合性方面的人性化设计的诸多表现。  相似文献   
7.
《Ergonomics》2012,55(10):1393-1404
Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine which office chair feature is better at improving spine posture in sitting. Method: Participants (n = 28) were radiographed in standing, maximum flexion and seated in four chair conditions: control, lumbar support, seat pan tilt and backrest with scapular relief. Measures of lumbar lordosis, intervertebral joint angles and sacral tilt were compared between conditions and sex. Results: Sitting consisted of approximately 70% of maximum range of spine flexion. No differences in lumbar flexion were found between the chair features or control. Significantly more anterior pelvic rotation was found with the lumbar support (p = 0.0028) and seat pan tilt (p < 0.0001). Males had significantly more anterior pelvic rotation and extended intervertebral joint angles through L1–L3 in all conditions (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: No one feature was statistically superior with respect to minimising spine flexion, however, seat pan tilt resulted in significantly improved pelvic posture.

Practitioner Summary: Seat pan tilt, and to some extent lumbar supports, appear to improve seated postures. However, sitting, regardless of chair features used, still involves near end range flexion of the spine. This will increase stresses to the spine and could be a potential injury generator during prolonged seated exposures.  相似文献   
8.
陈罡  陶顺  骆晨  陈萌  肖湘宁 《电测与仪表》2016,53(19):93-99
针对预先未给定分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)待选接入点的DG选址定容规划,提出了一种以配电网运行成本最小为目标的两阶段优化规划方法:第一阶段,建立了一个基于权系数的DG选址模型,并运用有效集法进行求解,筛选出一组DG待选接入点组合;第二阶段,提出了一种动态混沌粒子群算法来求解第一阶段所得出的待选DG节点的定容问题,并将最优规划结果值返回给第一阶段,从而确定出DG最优的接入节点和接入容量。最后通过美国PGE 69节点系统验证了所提模型的可行性以及方法的有效性。  相似文献   
9.
Office workers are commonly targeted in interventions to modify their sitting behaviour, yet there is limited evidence of the correlates of breaks in sitting to inform intervention development. This study identifies the individual, workplace and spatial configuration correlates of the frequency of breaks in sitting (number/hour) in office workers (n?=?5531) stratified by office type (private-enclosed, shared, open plan). All behaviours and potential correlates were measured via self-report using an online cross-sectional survey. Regression analyses revealed age was the only socio-demographic characteristic associated with frequency of breaks in sitting in all office types. Greater job autonomy and local connectivity were positively associated with frequency of breaks in sitting in shared and open-plan offices. In open-plan offices co-worker proximity was negatively associated with frequency of breaks in sitting. Co-worker visibility was positively associated with frequency of breaks in sitting in all office types. This study demonstrates that individual, workplace and spatial configuration factors are all associated with the frequency of breaks in sitting and that these relationships differ by office type. These observations extend prior studies that have only examined correlates at a single level (e.g. the individual). This evidence could be useful to guide future interventions in the design of workplaces to increase breaks in sitting and workers’ physical activity.  相似文献   
10.
张玲 《电气自动化》2016,(1):34-36, 47
采用遗传算法,结合MATLAB仿真软件,从而达到单风速单风向、平坦地形下不规则风电场的微观优化选址的目的,其方法是利用MATLAB仿真软件将不规则风电场边界提取到正方形中,通过不同网格化方向角下的正方形网格化方法对其网格化,从而利用遗传算法确定待安置风机的位置,最终实现风力发电成本的降低,产能的提高。  相似文献   
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