精明准则——美国新都市主义下城市形态设计准则模式解析

本文简要介绍美国新都市主义下精明准则的背景与构成，主要内容分为三部分：形态准则（FBCS）的构成、创建形态准则的流程和案例研究。其中构成章节描述了FBCs的基本组成部分；流程部分给出了关于FBCs从开始到后期实施程序的概述；案例分析部分则以阿扛巴马州的蒙哥马利精明准则为例，为读者描述了目前最好的FBCs实施案例。     

用VB实现横断面图的自动绘制

在工程建设中,当采用较小间距的断面布置时,就能满足设计对方量计算和标准断面选取的要求,这就需要大量反复的横断面成图.此外,各个设计要求和阶段的不同,所需横断面图的格式和比例就不相同,这就发挥了VB灵活性好的优点,可以根据具体的要求绘制出图形.     

样带多样性的检验算法及其系统实现*

样带多样性测度在景观生态和生物多样性等研究中有较为重要的应用价值,但存在的关键问题是缺乏适合的检验方法,其分析的可信度往往较低。研究建立了如下统计检验算法：样带多样性测度的显著性、样带多样性测度的置信区间、样带间多样性的差异显著性检验。基于这些算法,设计实现了相应的多样性检验系统。该系统采用网络分布计算体系结构,可运行于多种操作系统和多种数据库服务环境下。用该系统对水稻样带的节肢动物,依目多样性和功能群多样性对13个无脊椎动物样带(每样带有八个样点, 共18个目, 25个功能群)的分析结果表明,本算法可有     

板材横断面视频检测结果的模拟理论研究*

论述了板材横断面数学模型建立与视频再现的理论和方法,提出了板材横断面视频识别动态模拟软件设计的总体方案,详细介绍了板材视频检测计算机模拟三维重建的方法及再现软件。     

控制城市形态的可持续发展原则

21世纪城市规划设计的原则是以可持续的城市为主题。可持续性包括了经济、社会和环境的内容，而可持续发展的主要问题是大运量公共交通的通达性。国际比较研究表明，城市形态与交通模式之间的关系是造成城市发展偏离的主要因素之一。人们已经意识到可持续发展的城市必须综合考虑密度、区位和交通体系的密切关系，形成一种适宜的城市形态完全依靠它们之间的相互关系。我们必须注意到，新城市主义出现的原因是为了解决北美传统的城市蔓延和郊区化问题，使城市发展具有可持续性。新城市主义有两个重要内容。一是梯度方法，二是城市规范指标。     

Improvements to estimate ADCP uncertainty sources for discharge measurements

The use of moving boat ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) for discharge measurements requires identification of the sources and magnitude of uncertainty to ensure accurate measurements. Recently, a tool known as QUant was developed to estimate the contribution to the uncertainty estimates for each transect of moving-boat ADCP discharge measurements, by varying different sampling configurations parameters through the use of Monte Carlo simulations. QUant is not only useful for estimating ADCP discharge measurement uncertainty, but also for identifying contributions of the various sources of uncertainty.However, the software requires long computational times, and the method to estimate the uncertainty of multiple-transect measurements does not consider the correlation of the variables between transects. Therefore, improvements in QUant are needed to optimize its application for practical purposes by hydrographers immediately after discharge measurements.This work presents four approaches for optimizing the performance of QUant to estimate the contribution to the uncertainty of different selected variables on ADCP discharge measurements and describes a new method of estimating multi-transect uncertainty with the QUant model that considers the correlation of errors in selected variables between transects. The approaches for optimization and the new multi-transect uncertainty method are evaluated using a dataset of 38 field measurements from a variety of riverine settings.     

GPS RTK技术在复杂浅水河道横断面测量中的应用体会——以大丰市港区复河为例

以大丰市港区复河横断面测量实际为例，讨论了RTK测量技术应用于浅水河道的横断面测量的可行性。通过足够的转换参数和较好的观测条件，RTK测量技术能完全胜任此项工作：     

On Rivers and Drawing Practice

This work flows from two propositions: sites and settings are interdependent, and understanding why and how is fundamental and inexhaustible for landscape architecture. It builds on the work of Scottish–American landscape architect Ian McHarg and Scottish town planner Patrick Geddes. Although separated in time by nearly half a century, their shared belief in the role of regional knowledge for local design and planning led to parallels in their canon relative to subject matter and approach. Prompted by a recent comparative study of two rivers influential to McHarg’s work—the Clyde and the Delaware—the essay reflects on transect modeling and related drawing practice that engage incremental change, accumulation, and time. It begins with a discussion of relief maps and their application to river basin research in the United States, Italy, and Scotland. This is followed by a brief retrospective on the contributions of McHarg and Geddes to regional planning theory and practice. The interdisciplinary usefulness of transect-based practice for observing and analyzing landscape phenomena is then presented, and provides context for a recent exhibition by the author, which explored both analog and digital drawing techniques. The essay concludes by reasserting the importance of field study to landscape architecture and other works of environmental imagination.     

城乡断面图作为新城市主义精明准则的研究方法解析

新城市主义理论体系下的“精明准 则”，具有人居环境要素分类和空间形态分 形控制理念。基于断面分区理论、描述空间 形态过渡特征的“城乡断面图”（rural-tourban transect）分类图式系统，是其核心的空 间操作和管理实施工具。文章从断面图的概 念及内涵入手，概述了其理论基础和分析方 法，同时结合精明准则的形态设计分类特征， 分析了城乡断面图的构成要素、类型特征、 表达形式及作用机制。最后，讨论了城乡断面 图在设计管理、实践操控等方面的价值和优 势，及对我国当下城市设计发展的启示和意 义。     

Artefacts as designed, artefacts as used: resources for uncovering activity dynamics

This paper addresses the use of artefacts as a powerful resource for analysis, focusing on the artefact as designed as a means of eliciting the designers explicit and implicit knowledge and artefacts as used as a means of uncovering the trail left by currently inactive processes. Artefact analysis is particularly suitable in situations where direct observation is ineffective, especially in activities that occur infrequently. We demonstrate the usefulness of our technique through the analysis of artefacts within both the office and the meeting environment. This is part of a wider study aimed at understanding the nature of decisions in meetings with the view of producing a tool to aid decision management and hence reduce rework. We conclude by drawing out some general lessons from our analysis, which reaffirms the intricate role that artefacts play in maintaining activity dynamics.