Relationships between urbanization and the oak resource of the Minneapolis/St. Paul Metropolitan area from 1991 to 1998

Urbanization was associated with loss and transformation of the oak forest in the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) metropolitan area (TCMA) over a recent 7-year interval. Between 1991 and 1998, urbanization increased based on several indicators: population density, area of developed land, and area of impervious surface—total impervious area and area within three classes of increasing degree of imperviousness (protected, affected, and degraded). We quantified relationships between changes in urbanization and changes in several parameters describing the oak forest at the scale of ecological subsection. Increased total and affected impervious area were strongly correlated with decreased area of oak forest when changes of the urbanization indicators and oak were expressed as percentages of the subsection area. Relationships were reversed when changes were expressed as percentages of the 1991 values. Increased population density was strongly correlated with increased loss in numbers and increased isolation of oak patches, but weakly correlated with loss of oak forest area. This is the first study to quantify relationships between changes in urbanization and changes in a specific forest cover type. Our results demonstrate complexities of urbanization impacts on a metropolitan forest resource, and highlight the importance of selected variables, spatial and temporal scales, and expressions of change when quantifying these relationships.     

清代皇家园林规划设计控制的量化研究——以圆明三园、清漪园为例

本文通过量化分析探索了清代皇家园林规划设计的控制规律及相关理论。     

Comparative analysis of urban reflectance and surface temperature

Urban environmental conditions are strongly dependent on the biophysical properties and radiant thermal field of the land cover elements in the urban mosaic. Observations of urban reflectance and surface temperature provide valuable constraints on the physical properties that are determinants of mass and energy fluxes in the urban environment. Consistencies in the covariation of surface temperature with reflectance properties can be parameterized to represent characteristics of the surface energy flux associated with different land covers and physical conditions. Linear mixture models can accurately represent Landsat ETM+ reflectances as fractions of generic spectral endmembers that correspond to land surface materials with distinct physical properties. Modeling heterogeneous land cover as mixtures of rock and/or soil Substrate, Vegetation and non-reflective Dark surface (SVD) generic endmembers makes it possible to quantify the dependence of aggregate surface temperature on the relative abundance of each physical component of the land cover, thereby distinguishing the effects of vegetation abundance, soil exposure, albedo and shadowing. Comparing these covariations in a wide variety of urban settings and physical environments provides a more robust indication of the global variability in these parameter spaces than could be inferred from a single study area. A comparative analysis of 24 urban areas and their non-urban peripheries illustrates the variability in the urban thermal fields and its dependence on biophysical land surface components. Contrary to expectation, moderate resolution intra-urban variations in surface temperature are generally as large as regional surface heat island signatures in these urban areas. Many of the non-temperate urban areas did not have surface heat island signatures at all. However, the multivariate distributions of surface temperature and generic endmember fractions reveal consistent patterns of thermal fraction covariation resulting from land cover characteristics. The Thermal-Vegetation (TV) fraction space illustrates the considerable variability in the well-known inverse correlation between surface temperature and vegetation fraction at moderate (< 100 m) spatial resolutions. The Thermal-Substrate (TS) fraction space reveals energetic thresholds where competing effects of albedo, illumination and soil moisture determine the covariation of maximum and minimum temperature with illuminated substrate fraction. The dark surface endmember fraction represents a fundamental ambiguity in the radiance signal because it can correspond to either absorptive (e.g. low albedo asphalt), transmissive (e.g. deep clear water) or shadowed (e.g. tree canopy shadow) surfaces. However, in areas where dark surface composition can be inferred from spatial context, the different responses of these surfaces may still allow them to be distinguished in the thermal fraction space.     

人支气管上皮靶细胞形态学参数的测量

支气管上皮靶细胞形态学参数对计算受氡子体照射的支气管的剂量是很重要的。本文介绍利用奥尔新兰-PAS 染色的外科切除人肺组织切片,测量基底细胞粘液细胞和的胞核深度与数目。结果表明,叶、段和小支气管的粘液细胞核深度分别为相应节段基底细胞的61%、69%和73%;此三节段粘液细胞的数目分别为基底细胞的53%、29%和28%,平均为37%。     

腐植酸用于中央空调定期水质稳定处理

通过对腐植酸的应用试验 ,阐述了腐植酸有良好的阻垢、缓蚀性能 ,应用于中央空调循环水系统能取得良好的经济效益。     

生物非光滑耐磨表面与非光滑耐磨技术在工程中的应用

指出生物非光滑耐磨表面现象的普遍性，对贝壳、牙齿等几种天然生物耐磨表面几何形态特征进行了分析，并介绍了加工耐磨表面的几种技术方法及非光滑耐磨技术在工程中的应用。同时，对非光滑耐磨理论与技术方法中存在的问题及发展趋势进行了分析与展望。     

A distant-learning training module on the environmental design of urban buildings

The present paper aims to present a distant-learning training module that concerns the environmental design of urban buildings. The whole approach attempts to integrate topics that concern the design of urban buildings from various points of views, e.g. active and passive systems, automation systems, indoor air quality, economic aspects, energy and resources management. The package offers both printed and electronic material that gives the possibility to the students to study the various topics by using different educational methods. Additionally, the present package contains software tools that permit the students to examine real or hypothetical situations and to study further the influence of various parameters that concern the environmental building design.     

Mapping urban change in the UK using satellite radar interferometry

A multitemporal sequence of ERS interferometric coherence data acquired between 1993 and 1999 are utilised for automatically mapping urban change within South Wales, UK. Validation of the change map derived from the coherence data is performed using independent, multidate, digital survey data of the city of Cardiff, UK. All major building developments that have occurred within the study area are located. There is evidence to suggest that this approach is generalisable for a wide range of coherence data and to other regions with similar landscapes.     

浅述城市规划管理信息系统

阐述了城市规划管理信息系统的内容及其建立的方法和步骤，以及其与管理人员构成和该系统的经济效益，并指出城市规划管理信息系统利用计算机技术，科学地现代化地优化了城市规划设计与城市规划管理，为了城市建设的科学发展应加大投入，跟上时代步伐，进入城市建设的计算机时代。     

GaAsP混晶中Fe杂质能级的无序分裂

GaAsP混晶中Fe杂质基态与激发态的光离化截面的幅度比S(x)随组分x有规律地变化,本文提出一种理论估算,认为它是Fe能级无序分裂的结果.