Fouling Resistance on Chemically Etched Hydrophobic Surfaces in Nucleate Pool Boiling

Chemical etching, liquid phase deposition, and dipping techniques were utilized to fabricate highly hydrophobic micro‐ and nanoscale coating surfaces on stainless‐steel substrates. Heat transfer and fouling characteristics on these surfaces in pool boiling of deionized water and CaSO₄ solution were studied. High roughness and hydrophobicity of coated surfaces were obtained on chemically etched substrates. Compared to the polished stainless‐steel surface, the chemically etched coating surface provided a three times enhanced nucleate boiling coefficient at high heat flux. Obvious decrease of CaSO₄ fouling resistance was obtained on chemically etched surfaces due to the higher roughness and hydrophobicity before the fouling resistance reaches the asymptotic value. Slightly high asymptotic fouling resistance was observed compared with coating surfaces without chemical etching of substrates.     

Measurements of gas velocities and temperatures in a large open pool fire

A number of measurements were made to help define the thermal and flow conditions in a 9 × 18 meter pool fire that was used to simulate a transportation accident. Temperatures were measured at twenty-eight locations throughout the continuous flame region. Velocities were measured at four vertical stations near the centerline of the pool. Heat fluxes were estimated from thermal measurements on and near vertical steel plates. As is often the case in fires of this size, the effects of mild, ambient winds on the measurements were pronounced. Attempts have been made to mitigate these effects by the application of conditional sampling. Temperatures and velocities are compared with other experimental results as well as results of modeling efforts.     

Smoke production,radiation heat transfer and fire growth in a liquid-fuelled compartment fire

A detailed investigation is described of the interaction between fire development, smoke production and radiative exchange in a half-scale ASTM compartment in which the source is a heptane pool fire. Measurements of heat flux, fuel mass loss rate, ventilation flow rates, temperature and soot volume fraction are reported for the compartment for varying door widths. Data from the compartment are compared with open pool fire measurements using the same equipment. The confined geometry is shown to exert a strong influence on pool fire development and suggests that considerable caution is needed in employing open pool fire data as boundary conditions for CFD simulation. Numerical simulations based on the direct calculation of radiative exchange between the liquid fuel surface, the smoke-laden environment and bounding walls do reproduce the behaviour observed when combustion, soot production and radiation are modelled in detail and finely resolved spatially.     

Ozone-Bromine Treatment – Water Treatment in Public Pools without Chlorine: A New Standard?

The central task of the rules and regulations governing water treatment in public swimming pools is to provide guidelines, the compliance with which leads to completely hygienic water. For this purpose, DIN 19643 “Treatment of Water of Swimming Pools and Baths” applies in Germany. To date, this standard has prescribed the chlorination of water. In a therapeutic pool introduced here, water was treated without chlorine. The water quality was observed as part of a long-term study over the course of three years. During the entire period, no germs were detected in the filtrate of the system, not even unspecific CFU germs. The treatment presented here is detailed from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. The treatment uses the oxidation power of ozone to form hypobromous acid as a disinfectant in water containing bromide. A crucial aspect of the treatment is the possible formation of bromate. It is shown that the formation of bromate can be suppressed very effectively. Further bromine-based by-products were monitored. Unpleasant by-products as known from the chlorination were not found. The treatment, known as ozone-bromine Treatment, demonstrates new ways to treat water in public swimming pools and should now be incorporated into the German DIN 19643. It is to be expected that this will also be reflected in the national standards of other countries.     

大型油罐破裂泄漏特征研究

统计了多起油罐破裂事故,并对油罐破裂特征及油品泄漏流场进行分析。通过事故案例统计,总结了三种典型的油罐破裂形式,得到了油罐易发生破裂的位置及原因。对事故案例后果进行分析,将油罐破裂泄漏过程分为两个阶段,并分别对其流场特性进行研究。以平板流动临界雷诺数为判定准则,对油库常见油品泄漏流动雷诺数进行计算,得出泄漏油品的流态绝大多数为完全发展的湍流。     

49-2游泳池式反应堆超设计基准事故的筛选与分析

为保证49-2游泳池式反应堆在超寿期下的安全运行,需进行超设计基准事故分析。由于难以采用概率安全评价(PSA)方法进行分析,所以本文无条件假设最严重事故来得到一保守结果。主要分析了全厂断电下未能紧急停堆的预期瞬变(ATWS)、水平孔道断裂和停堆后堆芯完全裸露的事故,以及应急能力。结果表明:在全厂断电ATWS下堆芯是安全的;水平孔道断裂及其他因素造成失水时,只要2.5h内堆芯不裸露即可保证燃料元件不熔化;非能动破坏虹吸能力和多样的应急补水方式能保证堆芯不裸露。     

内河LNG船舶气体扩散、火灾和爆炸后果模拟

为了验证LNG作为内河船舶燃料的安全性,利用基于N-S方程的CFD计算软件对内河LNG船舶LNG泄漏后的扩散、火灾和爆炸后果进行了数值模拟。计算了不同工况下气体云团的扩散行为,得到了不同工况下最大液池面积、最大液池质量、平均蒸发率、气云最大扩散距离、最大气云体积等结果。比较了风速、风向、大气稳定度等不同环境因素对气体扩散行为的影响,并定量分析了池火灾和气体云团爆炸后对周边的影响。结果表明:①在LNG泄漏阶段,气体扩散表现为重气扩散的特征;②风速对可燃气体云团的扩散有明显影响;③通过设置围堰,能够在一定程度上减轻LNG泄漏对周边造成的不利影响;④若LNG泄漏后发生池火灾,船上大部分结构都会处于37.5 kW/m~2热辐射强度影响范围下,周边船舶和人员应迅速撤离至着火船舶35 m范围外以确保安全;⑤一旦可燃气体云团发生爆炸,爆炸产生的超压为1.4 kPa,主要后果为玻璃破碎,不足以对岸上设施造成严重破坏。     

Heat release characteristics of ethanol-water mixtures: Small-scale experiments

Small-scale pool fire tests of ethanol-water mixtures are described in this paper. The main goal of the tests was to obtain data on the heat release rate per unit area, the total heat release per unit area, and the effective heat of combustion of such mixtures with ethanol percentage of 20 vol% or more. The results can be utilised in the interpolation and extrapolation of these quantities for different ethanol percentages and irradiance levels. In addition, the results give information on the heat release of possible pool fires of alcoholic beverages in a retail store in the case of a fully developed fire. It was concluded that significant fire load is not formed until the ethanol percentage of the alcoholic beverage is ca. 20 vol% or more. The data reported can also be used as an input to simulations of ethanol-water mixture pool fires in the performance-based fire safety design.     

Total radiative heat loss and radiation distribution of liquid pool fire flames

The radiative characteristics of laboratory-scale pool fire flames have been studied in detail. Experiments were conducted in the ASTM E2058/ISO 12136 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). Eleven liquid fuels with different sooting propensities, including alcohols and alkanes, burning in a 9.5 cm diameter quartz dish were considered. Radiative power distribution (along the flame axis) and global radiant emission were measured for all the fuels by using slit and wide-view-angle radiometers, respectively. The effects of measurement location and fuel type on the measured data were investigated. Radiation distribution profiles for a given fuel, when adequately normalized, show little sensitivity to the horizontal separation distance of the slit radiometer. Fuels with similar chemical structures exhibit similar distributions, consistent with flame image analyses. The radiative power distributions along with the wide-view-angle radiometer data were used to derive radiant fractions for the pool fires studied by applying a multiple-point source (MPS) radiation model. To examine the sensitivity of the calculated radiant fractions to the measurement location, the position of the wide-view-angle radiometer was considerably varied both vertically and horizontally. The results show that the radiant fractions derived based on the measured radiative power distribution are independent of the location of the wide-view-angle radiometer and consistent with literature values. Therefore, the approach developed in this study presents a flexible methodology apt for the accurate determination of radiation properties of diffusion flames in a laboratory setting.     

Pool boiling heat transfer enhancement on porous surface tube

The passive residual heat removal exchanger (PRHR HX),which is a key equipment of the passive residual heat removal system,is installed in an elevated pool.Its heat transfer performance affects security and economics of the reactor,and boiling heat transfer in the liquid surrounding the exchanger occurs when the liquid saturation temperature exceeded.The smooth tubes,which are widely used as heat transfer tubes in PRHR HX,can be replaced by some enhanced tubes to improve the boiling heat transfer capability.In this paper,the pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of smooth tube and a machined porous surface tube are investigated by using high-pressure steam condensing inside tube as heating source.Compared with smooth tube,the porous surface tube considerably enhances the boiling heat transfer,and shortens the time significantly before reaching the liquid saturation temperature.Its boiling heat transfer coefficient increases from 68% to 75%,and the wall superheat decreases by 1.5oC.Combining effect of condensation inside tube with boiling outside tube,the axial wall temperatures of heat transfer tube are neither uniform nor linear distribution.Based on these investigations,enhance mechanism of the porous surface tube is analyzed.