Facteurs associés aux problèmes de comportement intériorisés et extériorisés chez des adolescentes agressées sexuellement.

The present study investigated the associated factors of internalising and externalising behaviour problems among sexually abused adolescents. One hundred fifty-eight female adolescent victims of sexual abuse, aged between 13 and 17 years, were recruited. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires measuring cognitive distortions, coping strategies, empowerment, behaviour problems, perception of their relationship with their mother and father, maternal support, characteristics of the sexual abuse as well as other forms of violence experienced. Results show that interpersonal distrust and general self-attributions of blame are two factors associated with both internalising and externalising behaviour problems. In addition, the mother/daughter relationship is associated with externalising behaviour problems. These results partially support Spaccarelli's model. They also highlight the important role of cognitive distortions, particularly general self-attributions of blame and interpersonal distrust, which may be targeted in treatments that are aimed at reducing behavioural problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Relations of Problem Behavior Status to Children's Negative Emotionality, Effortful Control, and Impulsivity: Concurrent Relations and Prediction of Change.

The relations of children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors to their concurrent regulation, impulsivity (reactive undercontrol), anger, sadness, and fearfulness and these aspects of functioning 2 years prior were examined. Parents and teachers completed measures of children's (N = 185; ages 6 through 9 years) adjustment, negative emotionality, regulation, and behavior control; behavioral measures of regulation also were obtained. In general, both internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with negative emotionality. Externalizers were low in effortful regulation and high in impulsivity, whereas internalizers, compared with nondisordered children, were low in impulsivity but not effortful control. Moreover, indices of negative emotionality, regulation, and impulsivity with the level of the same variables 2 years before controlled predicted stability versus change in problem behavior status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

仿古也应有个性——藉大唐贡茶院设计而论

仿古有独创个性,加倍难。但可能:一是个性源于内涵,外化为形式。二是古今一体,恰因其难倒添个性。三是乡土化,不抄袭他处同时代先例。四为民间野趣中又含皇家礼仪。五是亟需提高社会对设计创新的尊重,不改变为一般化。     

概念化心智活动的关键地位与交流的实现

语言符号并非天然地和它所指的客观事物或现象直接而精确地对应。人脑或心智活动的产物，即思想或概念，是将语言符号与客观事物或现象联系起来必不可少的媒介，这是Ogden和Richards名的语义三角理论的灵魂。由此可以认为，外界事物引起人脑主观思维活动并将其结果外化出来，这实质上是概念化问题。简要讨论了这种概念化过程的关键地位及其复杂性。     

Childhood Peer Rejection and Aggression as Predictors of Adolescent Girls' Externalizing and Health Risk Behaviors: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study.

This 6-year longitudinal study examined girls' peer-nominated social preference and aggression in childhood as predictors of self- and parent-reported externalizing symptoms, substance use (i.e.. cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use), and sexual risk behavior in adolescence. Participants were 148 girls from diverse ethnic backgrounds, who were initially assessed in Grades 4-6 and again in Grades 10-12. Results supported a moderator model, indicating that social preference changed the nature of the association between childhood aggression and adolescent outcomes. When accompanied by peer rejection, aggressive behavior was moderately stable over time and significantly associated with adolescent girls' substance use and sexual risk behavior. However, under conditions of peer acceptance, no significant association between childhood aggression and adolescent outcomes emerged. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms Underlying Stability and Change in Problem Behaviors at Ages 3, 7, 10, and 12.

Maternal ratings on internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) behaviors were collected in a large, population-based longitudinal sample. The numbers of participating twin pairs at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12 were 5,602, 5,115, 2,956, and 1,481, respectively. Stability in both behaviors was accounted for by genetic and shared environmental influences. The genetic contribution to stability (INT: 43%; EXT: 60%) resulted from the fact that a subset of genes expressed at an earlier age was still active at the next time point. A common set of shared environmental factors operated at all ages (INT: 47%; EXT: 34%). The modest contribution of nonshared environmental factors (INT: 10%; EXT: 6%) could not be captured by a simple model. Significant age-specific influences were found for all components, indicating that genetic and environmental factors also contributed to changes in problem behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

农民利益表达外部性的理论探讨——内涵、生发机理及其规制

农民利益表达总是在一定环境中发生,内外环境的变化影响着农民利益表达的发展方向与整体态势,但农民利益表达不是被动地适应内外环境,总是在自我行为的发生与发展中能动地改造着利益表达的内外环境,因利益多元性与政策的偏好,农民利益表达产生外部性。为了维护、实现与增进农民的利益,促进社会的和谐与稳定,必须通过制度、法律、道德、舆论及习俗以规制农民利益表达的外部性。     

Linking marital conflict and children’s adjustment: The role of young children’s perceptions.

Young children’s (n = 96) perceptions and appraisals of their parents’ marital conflict were evaluated at age 5 and again at age 6. Concurrent reports of marital conflict by each parent and teachers’ reports of children’s classroom adjustment served as criteria against which to evaluate the validity of young children’s perceptions. Children’s perceptions of their parents’ marital relationship were significantly correlated with spouses’ reports at ages 5 and 6, as well as correlated with teacher reports of internalizing and externalizing problems. Consistent with the cognitive–contextual theory, children’s tendency to blame themselves for their parents’ conflict partially mediated the link between marital conflict and children’s internalizing symptoms. In contrast, children’s reports that they become involved in their parents’ conflict partially mediated the effect of marital conflict on externalizing problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Knowledge management acquisition improvement by using software engineering elicitation techniques

The knowledge externalization phase involves acquiring and transferring the knowledge of individuals to an abstract and effective representation, to organize it, to model it and finally to express this knowledge in an understandable and reusable format. This phase presents some difficulties at the moment to choose the technique that best fit with the knowledge type to be elicited, and sometimes the selected technique is not complete enough to capture all the relevant knowledge for a specific domain. In sum, there are not mechanisms that can be used as a discernment element at the moment to choose the knowledge elicitation technique that better adjust to a particular situation. This paper presents the results obtained from an empirical validation developed to determine the efficiency of knowledge acquisition in the externalization phase of Nonaka’s model, using a set of software engineering elicitation techniques. Efficiency compared with quality of the knowledge acquired can provide a good mechanism to select the most suitable technique to knowledge externalization for each situation.     

中医舌诊客观化研究

中国中医研究院西苑医院等运用计算机图处理技术,结合中医舌诊断相关理论研制的“中医舌诊专家系统”,实现了舌诊的定量分析,我们应用该系统,对９２７例患者舌质舌苔定量观察,探讨舌诊定量变化规律,结果表明,各类舌质苔有相应的ＲＧＢ（Ｒ为红色,Ｇ为绿色,Ｂ为蓝色）数量特征（Ｐ＜０．０１）,舌苔ＲＧＢ值的不仅与舌苔颜色密切相关,而且和舌苔的厚薄,腐腻等变化明显相关,舌苔面积百分数基本上反映了舌苔的覆盖面积,因此,应用中医舌诊专家系统对舌质舌苔进行量化诊断,可为中医辨证提供客观依据。